Ämnesområden

This standard specifies a set of definitions, rules, and steps for applying a non-functional size measurement method and provides guideline and examples of how to use the size measurements in software projects

This document gives guidance on how to assess the feasibility of extending the service life of a pipeline system, as defined in ISO 13623, beyond its specified design life. Pump stations, compressor stations, pressure-reduction stations and depots are not specifically addressed in this document, as shown in Figure 1. This document applies to both onshore and offshore rigid metallic pipelines and risers (including SCRs). It is not directly applicable to the following: — flexible pipelines; — pipelines constructed from other materials, such as glass reinforced plastics or polymers; — umbilicals (control and / or chemical conveyance service); — topsides equipment and piping (outside of pipeline system limits defined in accordance with local regulatory requirements); — pipeline protection and support structures and components. NOTE 1 The assessment process defined in clause 5.3 can be applied in the lifetime extension assessment of the above at the discretion of the user. As an example, guidance on use of the process for lifetime extension of unbonded flexible pipe is provided in Annex A. NOTE 2 Further guidance on the lifetime extension of subsea systems, including umbilicals and topsides equipment, is provided in NORSOK U-009. NOTE 3 Although the life extension of structures and structural elements is not addressed in this standard, the continued fitness-for-service of structures having a direct impact on the structural integrity of the pipeline system shall be considered throughout any period of extended operation. This shall include assessment of the implications of structural degradation on pipeline system integrity. Further guidance can be found in NORSOK N-006. This document addresses life extension, which is a change to the original design premise. It is also applicable to other changes to the design premise, such as MAOP re-ratings or a change to the conveyed fluids, at the discretion of the user. Guidance on the latter is provided in Annex B, given the potential for extension to operating life of a pipeline system being solely dependent on a change in operating fluids (such as when considering re-use of a pipeline for CCUS or for hydrogen transportation).

EN 1991-1-4 gives principles and rules for the determination of natural wind actions for the structural design of building and civil engineering works for each of the loaded areas under consideration. This includes the whole structure or parts of the structure or elements attached to the structure, e.g. components, cladding units and their fixings, safety and noise barriers. This part is applicable to: - buildings and civil engineering works with heights up to 300m; - bridges having no span greater than 200m. This part is intended to predict characteristic wind actions on land-based structures, their components and appendages. This part is also applicable to structures less than 1km offshore from the main coastline. For offshore structures more than 1km from the main coastline, the terrain effects defined in this part do not apply.

201.1 Scope, object and related standards Clause 1 of the general standard1) 229 applies, except as follows: 230 201.1.1 * Scope 231 Replacement: 232 This International Standard applies to the BASIC SAFETY and ESSENTIAL PERFORMANCE of 233 MEDICAL BEDS as defined in 201.3.214, intended for ADULTS as defined in 201.3.222. Included 234 in scope are both electrical and non-electrical (manual) MEDICAL BEDS with or without 235 adjustable features. 236 This standard does not apply for MEDICAL BEDS intended for CHILDREN covered by IEC 80601- 237 2-89 Medical electrical equipment – Particular requirements for the basic safety and essential 238 performance of medical beds for children. 239 A BED-LIFT and/or a detachable MATTRESS SUPPORT PLATFORM in combination with a compatible 240 non-MEDICAL BED as specified by the MANUFACTURER is also considered a MEDICAL BED. 241 Excluded are devices for which the intended use is mainly for examination or transportation 242 under medical supervision (e.g. stretcher, examination table). 243 This standard does not apply in all requirements to MEDICAL BEDS with special functionality. 244 Beds that are intended to be used for ADULTS with atypical anatomy shall state what atypical 245 anatomies are meant. Additional requirements for the stated atypical anatomies shall be 246 determined in the product RISK MANAGEMENT process and implemented as appropriate in the 247 bed design. 248 EXAMPLE A bed intended for bariatric PATIENTS would require consideration of the differences in anthropomorphic 249 ranges, and having implemented those ranges would label appropriately for the intended PATIENT population. 250 If a clause or subclause is specifically intended to be applicable to a MEDICAL BED only, or to 251 ME SYSTEMS only, the title and content of that clause or subclause will say so. If that is not the 252 case, the clause or subclause applies both to MEDICAL BED and to ME SYSTEMS, as relevant. 253 HAZARDS inherent in the intended physiological function of MEDICAL BED or ME SYSTEMS within 254 the scope of this standard are not covered by specific requirements in this standard except in 255 7.2.13 and 8.4.1 of the general standard. 

 201.1.1 * Scope 243 Replacement: 244 This standard applies to the BASIC SAFETY and ESSENTIAL PERFORMANCE of MEDICAL BEDS, 245 hereafter referred to as MEDICAL BEDS as defined in 201.3.219, intended for CHILDREN as defined 246 in 201.3.207, and ADULTS with atypical anatomy (ADULTS ranging outside the definition for 247 ADULTS in 201.3.201). 248 This standard applies to electrical or non-electrical MEDICAL BEDS with nonadjustable and 249 electrical / mechanical adjustable functions. 250 This standard applies to MEDICAL BEDS with an INTERNAL LENGTH of up to 180 cm suitable to a 251 body length of 155 cm. 252 NOTE 1 The limitation of 180 cm is in order to minimize the foreseeable misuse, of a parent sharing the bed with 253 the child or that the bed will be used by an ADULT. 254 If a manufacturer wishes to make a bed that can be used by both a child and an ADULT, e.g. 255 INTERNAL LENGTH of 180 cm or more, then it shall fulfil both IEC 80601-2-52 and this particular 256 standard. 257 This Standard does not apply to: 258 • ADULT only beds covered by IEC 80601-2-52 259 • incubators covered by IEC 60601-2-19; 260 • devices for which the INTENDED USE is mainly for examination or transportation under 261 medical supervision (e.g. stretcher, examination table). 262 If a clause or subclause is specifically intended to be applicable to a MEDICAL BED only, or to ME 263 SYSTEMS only, the title and content of that clause or subclause will say so. If that is not the case, 264 the clause or subclause applies both to MEDICAL BEDS and to ME SYSTEMS, as relevant. 265 HAZARDS inherent in the intended physiological function of MEDICAL BEDS or ME SYSTEMS within 266 the scope of this standard are not covered by specific requirements in this standard except in 267 7.2.13 and 8.4.1 of the general standard. 

1.1 Scope of prEN 1991-1-6 (1) prEN 1991-1-6 provides guidance and general rules on the determination of actions relevant for the design of buildings and civil engineering works, including geotechnical structures, for their execution stage.

NOTE Actions for design during execution include those that only arise from execution activities and act during execution, termed construction actions (for example personnel and hand tools, auxiliary structures, equipment and elements used during execution), and others that are present during the service life of the completed structure (for example self-weight, wind, etc.) but which can act differently and/or have different values during execution.

(2) prEN 1991-1-6 provides guidance and general rules for the determination of actions for the design of auxiliary structures, elements and equipment used during execution in case they are designed to the Eurocodes and not to other European Standards.

NOTE Other European Standards (e.g. EN 12810, EN 12811, EN 12812) provide specific rules for certain types of auxiliary structures, equipment and elements used during execution.

(3) prEN 1991-1-6 gives rules for buildings and bridges during execution to supplement the provisions in EN 1990.

NOTE For combination rules for execution, see EN 1990.

1.2 Assumptions

(1) The general assumptions given in EN 1990 apply.

(2) The application of this document follows the limit state principle and is based on the partial factor method, unless explicitly prescribed differently.

(3) The verification of buildings and civil engineering structures in transient design situations is undertaken in accordance with the Eurocodes, accounting for the interaction with any auxiliary structures, elements and/or equipment.

(4) When using European product standards covering auxiliary structures, equipment and elements used during execution, it is assumed that the design basis, design requirements and, if provided, the safety and operational design limits specified in these product standards are taken into account.

(5) Adequate planning, documentation, communication, control and supervision are provided during execution, involving all relevant parties.

NOTE Execution of a structure can involve interaction between several parties from diverse engineering fields, responsible for the design, fabrication, transportation and execution of different subsystems used during the execution of a structure.

(1) EN 1991-1-8 gives principles and rules to determine the values of wave and current actions on structures and civil engineering works in the coastal zone, i.e. works connected or in close vicinity to the shore.

NOTE 1 As opposed to offshore conditions, waves or currents in the coastal zone are substantially affected by the presence of seabed or shore.

NOTE 2 In typical seabed morphology the affected area lies between the shoreline and the deep-water limit.

(2) EN 1991-1-8 describes the principles for defining the design sea conditions, including design water level variability for structures in the coastal area.

NOTE Wave and current conditions vary for different construction sites. It is very important to assess the wave and current conditions at a given site. Assessment procedures for these conditions and for their uncertainties are included in this document.

(3) In EN 1991-1-8 the following structure types are specifically addressed:

— cylindrical structures;

— suspended decks;

— sub sea pipelines;

— breakwaters:

— mound breakwaters;

— vertical face breakwaters;

— composite breakwaters;

— coastal embankments:

— revetments;

— seawalls;

— permanently moored floating structures.

NOTE Additional guidance can be needed for:

— floating platforms in the coastal zone related to oil and gas production or processing;

— floating platforms in the coastal zone for renewable energy production.

(4) EN 1991-1-8 does not fully cover principles for determining actions from waves and currents on:

 port structures like piers, jetties, quay walls, marine terminals in sheltered marine areas;

 installations for mooring and berthing of ships.

(5) For hydraulic pressures on structural envelopes caused by quasi-static water levels, and for under pressures in the ground, see EN 1997 (all parts).

(6) EN 1991-1-8 does not cover:

 tsunamis;

 hydraulic consequences of an accidental breakdown of water actions from retaining structures;

 waves from passing ships;

 currents induced by jets or ship’s propellers;

 coastal structures where flood risk and/or erosion or sediment management is the dominant function. 

(1) EN 1991-3 defines actions imposed by cranes and other machines including dynamic effects, if relevant, for the structural design of crane or machine supporting structures.

(2) EN 1991-3 provides guidance on crane classification in terms of dynamic factors and fatigue actions.

(3) EN 1991-3 applies to supporting structures of − bridge, gantry and wall cranes travelling on fixed runways; − fixed machines that cause a harmonic dynamic loading on fixed supporting structures.

(4) The principles provided in EN 1991-3 can be applied also to determine actions on supporting structures of cranes other than those referred to in (3).

(5) EN 1991-3 does not provide partial factors for actions.

NOTE For partial factors for actions, see Annex A.5 to EN 1990:2023+prA1:2024.

(6) EN 1991-3 does not provide actions or provisions for the design of cranes and machines.

(1) EN 1991-4 provides guidance for calculating actions for the structural design of silos and tanks.

NOTE 1 Silos are used for the storage of particulate solids: tanks are used for the storage of liquids.

NOTE 2 For limitations on rules for silos given in this document, see 1.3.

NOTE 3 For limitations on rules for tanks given in this document, see 1.4.

(2) EN 1991 4 includes some provisions for actions on silo and tank structures that are not only associated with the stored solids or liquids (e.g. the effects of thermal differentials) but substantially affected by them.

NOTE Liquid loads on tanks are very precisely defined. Many loads on silos are not known with great precision. This standard provides guidance for many practical situations for which very limited certain knowledge is available, and the information is derived from the limited experimental and analytical information available, coupled with conclusions drawn from failure investigations. The information is not based on a sound statistical treatment of experimental data.

(3) EN 1991 4 is intended for use with concrete, steel, aluminium, timber and FRP storage structures.

NOTE FRP is the standard acronym for fibre reinforced polymer materials.

(4) EN 1991 4 may be used for the structural assessment of existing construction, in developing the design of repairs and alterations or for assessing changes of use.

NOTE Where the structural appraisal of an existing structure is being considered, reference can be made to the National Annex and to the client concerning the relevance of the current standard.

Modifications to 1.1, Scope of prEN 1990-1

In the title of the Clause, replace EN 1990 with prEN 1990-1.

Add a new paragraph (2), then have the following subclauses automatically renumbered:

“(2) This document is also applicable for existing structures, with the additional provisions given in prEN 1990-2.”

Replace the new paragraph (3) and (4) with:

“(3) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with the other Eurocodes for buildings and civil engineering works, including temporary structures.

(4) This document describes the basis for structural and geotechnical verification according to the limit state principle.”

Delete the old paragraph (5):

“(5) This document is also applicable for:

— structural assessment of existing structures;

— developing the design of repairs, improvements and alterations;

— assessing changes of use.

NOTE Additional or amended provisions can be necessary.”

Replace the paragraph (6) with:

“(6) This document is also applicable for structures where materials or actions outside the scope of EN 1991 (all parts) to EN 1999 (all parts) are involved.

NOTE In this case, additional or amended provisions can be necessary.” 

(1) This document provides provisions for the assessment of existing structures, including geotechnical structures, and the general principles for interventions, to be used in conjunction with prEN 1990-1. NOTE This document is based on the general requirements and principles of structural reliability provided in prEN 1990-1.

(2) Unless otherwise specified, prEN 1990-1 applies.

(3) This document covers general principles regarding actions for assessment, complementing EN 1991 (all parts).

NOTE Provisions for seismic actions due to earthquake are provided in EN 1998-3.

(4) This document does not cover the design of new structural parts that will be integrated into an existing structure.

NOTE For the design of new structural parts, see prEN 1990-1.

(5) This document does not provide:

— specific rules for initiation of assessment;

— specific rules on how to undertake interventions that may be carried out as a result of an assessment;

— material-specific technical provisions for existing structures;

— provisions for seismic assessment and retrofitting of existing structures.

NOTE For provisions for seismic assessment and retrofitting of existing structures, see EN 1998-3.

The method is applicable to chromium contents between 0.25 % (m/m) and 35 % (m/m). Specifies principle, reagents, apparatus, sampling, procedure, expression of results and test report. Annex A gives additional information on the international co-operative tests, and Annex B represents the precision data graphically.

This document specifies a method for the determination of Mn, P, Cr, Ni, Mo, Co, Cu, V, Ti, As and Sn in low alloy steel by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. The method is applicable to the determination of Mn, P, Cr, Ni, Mo, Co, Cu, V, Ti, As and Sn in content range (mass fraction) as follows: Mn:0.002%~2.0%; P:0.005%~0.1%; Cr:0.003~3.0%; Ni:0.005%~4.0%; Mo:0.003%~1.0%; Co:0.002%~0.2%; Cu:0.003~0.5%; V:0.002%~0.5%; Ti:0.002%~0.5%; As:0.003%~0.1%; Sn:0.003%~0.08%

Cancels and replaces the first edition (1978). Specifies a thiocyanate spectrophotometric method for the determination of the molybdenum content in steel and iron. Applicable to molybdenum contents between 0,005 % (m/m) and 0,125 % (m/m). Vanadium and tungsten interfere with the measurement if, because of their contents, the V/Mo ratio is greater than 16 or the W/Mo ratio is greater than 8.

1.1 Scope of EN 1993-1-11 (1) EN 1993-1-11 provides rules for structural design of tension components made of steel, in addition to other parts of EN 1993, for use in structures made of steel or other materials such as concrete, steel-concrete composite and timber. (2) EN 1993-1-11 covers the resistance, serviceability and durability of steel tension elements. (3) The following items/aspects are outside the scope of EN 1993-1-11: - pre- or post-tensioned systems in accordance with EN 1992-1-1 and EN 1992-2; - reinforcing steel as part of a concrete structure in accordance with EN 1992-1-1; - tension components in piling; - detailed design of terminations. 1.2 Assumptions (1) Unless specifically stated, EN 1990, EN 1991 and the EN 1993-1 series apply. (2) The design methods given in EN 1993-1-11 are applicable if: - execution quality is according to EN 1090-2; and - the construction materials and products used are as specified in the relevant parts of the EN 1993 series, or in the relevant material and product specifications. (3) EN 1993-1-11 is used in conjunction with ENs, EADs and ETAs for tension components.

(1) EN 1993-2 provides a general basis for the structural design of steel bridges and steel parts of composite bridges. It gives provisions that supplement, modify or supersede the equivalent provisions given in the various parts of EN 1993-1. (2) The design criteria for composite bridges are covered in EN 1994-2. (3) The design of high strength cables and related parts are included in EN 1993-1-11. (4) This European Standard is concerned only with the resistance, serviceability and durability of bridge structures. Other aspects of design are not considered. (5) For the execution of steel bridge structures, EN 1090 should be taken into account. NOTE: As long as EN 1090 is not yet available a provisional guidance is given in Annex C. (6) Execution is covered to the extent that is necessary to indicate the quality of the construction materials and products that should be used and the standard of workmanship needed to comply with the assumptions of the design rules. (7) Special requirements of seismic design are not covered. Reference should be made to the requirements given in EN 1998, which complements and modifies the rules of EN 1993-2 specifically for this purpose.

1.1 Scope of EN 1993-4-2 (1) EN 1993-4-2 provides rules for structural design of vertical cylindrical, conical and pedestal above-ground steel tanks for the storage of liquid and liquified gas products. (2) EN 1993-4-2 is applicable to the design for resistance of cylindrical walls and flat bottoms constructed using unstiffened plates. The design of conical and dome roofs as shell structures (unsupported) or as supported on a structural framework (supported) are also covered. (3) EN 1993-4-2 is only applicable to the requirements for resistance and structural stability of steel tanks. (4) EN 1993-4-2 only covers steel tank structures in Tank Groups 1, 2 and 3, as defined in this document. NOTE Tank Group 4 is not defined in this standard (see 3.1.41). (5) This document is applicable to tanks within the following dimensional limits (see EN 1991-4): Tank aspect ratio hS/d < 10 Tank total height hS < 70 m Tank diameter d < 100 m (6) This standard includes suitable rules for the design of tanks intended to store solids suspended in a liquid, where the appropriate global density of the mixture is used. NOTE Tanks used for the separation of mineral particles of different density fall into this category. (7) EN 1993-4-2 does not apply to the following: a) tanks with gross capacity less than 5 m3 (5 000 l); b) dished-end tanks that have a diameter less than 5 m; c) tanks with characteristic internal pressures above the liquid surface greater than 50 kPa (500 mbar) (see pressure equipment directive); d) design metal temperatures outside the ranges defined in Clause 5, with −50 °C being the lowest temperature for the application of this document; e) tanks of rectangular and other non-circular planforms; f) tanks exposed to fire; g) floating roofs and floating covers; h) ancillary structures such as stairways, platforms, nozzles, piping and access doors. (8) This document does not cover a) the special requirements for seismic design of tanks, b) the design of a supporting structure, c) the design of ancillary structures such as stairways, platforms, pipe racks and ladders, d) the design of an aluminium roof structure on a steel tank, e) reinforced concrete foundations for steel tanks, f) the design of a conical hopper, g) the design of a transition junction between the base of a cylindrical shell wall and a conical hopper, h) the design of a supporting ring girder in an elevated tank. 1.2 Assumptions (1) Unless specifically stated, EN 1990, the EN 1991 series and the EN 1993-1 series apply. (2) The design methods given in this document apply if: - the execution quality is as specified in EN 1090-2, and - the construction materials and products used are as specified in the relevant parts of the EN 1993 series, or in the relevant material and product specifications. (3) This standard applies to axisymmetric structures, but includes the effects of unsymmetrical actions (e.g. wind), and unsymmetrically supported tanks (e.g. on discrete supports). (4) EN 1993-4-2 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990, with EN 1991-4, with the other Parts of EN 1991, with EN 1993-1-6 and EN 1993-4-1, with the other Parts of EN 1993, with EN 1992 and with the other Parts of EN 1994 to EN 1999 relevant to the design of tanks. Matters that are already covered in those documents are not repeated. (5) Numerical values for partial factors and other reliability parameters are recommended as basic values that provide an acceptable level of reliability. They have been selected assuming that an appropriate level of workmanship and quality management applies.

EN 1994-1-1 gives basic rules for the design of steel-concrete composite structures and supplementary provisions specific to buildings. NOTE Specific rules for bridges are given in EN 1994-2.

ISO 19252:2008 specifies a method for determining the scratch properties of plastics under defined conditions. The method involves making a scratch by moving a hard instrument (scratch tip) of specified geometry under specified conditions of load and speed across the surface of a test specimen and then assessing the result.

The method is used to investigate the behaviour of specified types of specimen under the scratch conditions defined and for classifying the type of scratch of specimens within the limitations inherent in the test conditions. It can also be used to determine comparative data for different types of material by means of a so‑called scratch map in which the types of scratch behaviour for each set of test conditions of test load and test speed are determined using the basic method of constant-load testing, and also by means of the so‑called critical normal load determined using an alternative method of linearly increasing load testing.

The method is suitable for use with uncoated and unlacquered thermoplastic moulding materials and thermosetting moulding materials.

The method specifies the preferred dimensions for the test specimen and the preferred scratch-tip geometry.

The method describes the quantitative determination of the concentration of in-can free formaldehyde in water-dilutable coating materials. Note: The standard can also be applied for polymer dispersions. The determination method for in-can free formaldehyde can be only of limited suitability for pigmented systems, as the inherent coloration of the material may have an influence on the detection method.