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In general terms, Miner’s rule is a common approach to calculate how the accumulation of a specific load that varies over time effects the time until failure. This international standard specifies the application of Miner’s rule for calculating the design time until failure of plastics pipes and piping systems of plastics materials under varying, but known, load conditions. Miner’s rule can also be applied reciprocally to calculate the tolerable load levels along a desired design time. This international standard specifies particularly the application of Miner’s rule to calculate stress or pressure regimes, respectively, that are tolerable during a targeted design time for plastics or composite pipes. Further, the application of Miner’s rule on the effect of accumulated damage on polyolefins caused by oxidative attack under varying temperatures and times on the design life is specified. It is necessary to apply Miner's rule to each failure mechanism separately. Thus, for mechanical failure due to internal pressure, other failure mechanisms, such as oxidative or dehydrochlorinative degradative failure mechanisms, are to be neglected (assuming, of course, no interaction). A material may be used only when it is proven to conform to all failure mechanism criteria. NOTE Miner's rule is an empirically based procedure and is only a first approximation to reality.

This document specifies the characteristics and requirements for components such as pipes, fittings, and valves made from one of the following materials intended to be used for thermoplastics piping systems under internal pressure from the media or vacuum conditions in the field of industrial applications above and below ground (including buried): — polybutene (PB); — polyethylene (PE); — polyethylene of raised temperature resistance (PE-RT); — crosslinked polyethylene (PE-X); — polypropylene (PP). NOTE 1 Requirements for industrial valves are given in this document and in other standards (see clause 2) This document is applicable to either PB, PE, PE-RT, PE-X, or PP pipes, fittings, valves, and their joints and to joints with components of other plastics and non-plastic materials, depending on their suitability, intended to be used for the conveyance of liquid and gaseous media as well as solid matter in suspension for industrial applications. Some examples (but not limited to) of industrial piping applications: — chemicals; — industrial sewers; — power engineering (e.g. cooling and general purpose water); — mining; — electroplating and pickling; — semiconductor; — agriculture; — fire fighting; — water treatment; — geothermal; — compressed air; — carbon dioxide (wet or dry capture, transportation, utilisation, and storage). NOTE 2 Where relevant, national regulations (e.g. water treatment) are applicable, other application areas are permitted if the requirements of this document and/or applicable national requirements are fulfilled. National regulations in respect of fire behaviour and explosion risk are applicable. Characteristics and requirements for pipes, fittings, and valves that are applicable for all materials (PB, PE, PE-RT, PE-X, or PP) are covered by the relevant clauses of this document. Characteristics and requirements which are dependent on the material are given in the relevant annex for each material (see Table 1).

This document specifies the mounting dimensions required for interchangeability of rod-end spherical eyes of pneumatic cylinders. The rod-end spherical eyes have been designed specifically for use with 1 000 kPa [10 bar[1]] series cylinders manufactured in accordance with ISO 6432 and ISO 15552, but this does not limit their application.

The spherical bearing end eyes are used on piston rods of pneumatic cylinders for mechanically transmitting the cylinder force under oscillatory rotational and tilting movements. The design of the rod-end spherical eyes is based on the maximum forces resulting from the specified internal diameter of the cylinders and pressure according to ISO 6432, ISO 15552 and ISO 21287.

[1] 1 bar = 100 kPa = 105 Pa; 1 Pa = 1 N/m2.

This document specifies a method for determining the longitudinal tensile properties of pipe or pipe/pipe or pipe/fitting assemblies using hydraulic pressure. The method accommodates water-in-water or liquid-in liquid tests or their combinations. The document is applicable to pipes and their assemblies with fused or bonded joints with the same or different MRS or design SDR. The method provides load-displacement curves, from which the following properties are determined., — the longitudinal strengths ( — the percent elongation ( σLY , LB ) — the energy to failure (UT)

This document specifies methods for testing the resistance to sustained longitudinal tensile loading (longitudinal stress-rupture) of uniaxial plastic pipe/pipe or pipe/fitting or fitting/fitting assemblies using hydrostatic pressure at a given temperature. This document is applicable to pipe assemblies with electrofusion or butt fusion joints. The methods accommodate water-in-water, water-in-air, and liquid-in liquid tests. Method A uses no external hoop expansion restraint (specifically designed test piece). Method B uses external hoop expansion restraint (metal end caps or circumferential (ring) clamps). Note 1 The longitudinal (axial) tensile loading by hydrostatic internal pressure is achieved by using means to create axial stress as the maximum principal stress over the hoop stress in the assemblies. The external hoop expansion restraint or specific test piece design is used for this purpose[1,2].

This document establishes a system for the classification of fan efficiency for all fan types driven by motors with an electrical input power of 0,125 kW and above. It applies to driven fans only, but not to the system (finished original equipment manufacturer’s product, for example box fans and roof fans or ventilation system) in which they might be installed. This document, as well as ISO 12759-3, ISO 12759-5 and ISO 12759-6, describe a number of different procedures to classify the efficiency of a fan or to apply a minimum efficiency limit (MEL).

Appendix F shows how procedures described in this document can be used to set MELs.

There is no method described to compare these classifications and MELs.

This document establishes the general principles for the design and manufacture of mono or multi-layer rotational moulded polyethylene water storage vertical and horizontal cylindrical tanks. This document is applicable to water storage tanks with a nominal service temperature from 1 °C to 60 °C and does not cover any other nominal service temperature. This document does not apply to the following: — Underground water tanks; — Mobile water tanks.

This document specifies methods for determining whether or not a gas or gas mixture is flammable in air and whether a gas or gas mixture is more or less oxidizing than air under atmospheric conditions.

This document is intended to be used for the classification of gases and gas mixtures including the selection of gas cylinder valve outlets.

This document does not cover the safe preparation of these mixtures under pressure and at temperatures other than ambient.

This document specifies the general terms and definitions relevant to the utilization of thermoplastics materials in a circular economy in pipes, fittings and ancillaries for both pressure and non-pressure piping systems. This document is intended to be used by specification writers in conjunction with CEN/TS 14541-2 [7] when preparing normative documents under the scope of CEN/TC 155.