Ämnesområden

1.1 Scope of prEN 1991-1-7 (1) prEN 1991 1 7 provides actions and rules for safeguarding buildings and other civil engineering works against identifiable accidental actions. NOTE 1 Identifiable accidental actions include impact from vehicles and internal explosions. NOTE 2 Rules on impact from vehicles travelling on a bridge deck are given in prEN 1991 2. (2) prEN 1991 1 7 also covers actions and rules for tying systems and key members; information on risk assessment; dynamic design for impact; actions for internal explosions; actions from debris. 1.2 Assumptions (1) The general assumptions of EN 1990 apply to prEN 1991 1 7. (2) prEN 1991 1 7 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts) and the other Eurocode parts for the design of structures.

(1) This document is applicable to the assessment and retrofitting of buildings and bridges in seismic regions, namely as given in a) to c):
a) To provide criteria for the assessment of the seismic performance of existing individual buildings and bridges;
b) To describe the procedure to be followed in selecting necessary corrective measures;
c) To set forth criteria for the design of retrofitting measures (i.e. design, structural analysis including intervention measures, final dimensioning of structural parts and their connections to existing structural members).
NOTE 1 For the purposes of this standard, retrofitting covers both the seismic upgrading (e.g. strengthening or adding a passive system) of undamaged structures and the repair and possible upgrading of earthquake-damaged structures.
NOTE 2 Annex E gives flowcharts for the application of this standard.
(2) Unless specifically stated, prEN 1998-1-1 and prEN 1998-5 apply.
(3) Reflecting the performance requirements of prEN 1998-1-1:2022, 4.1, this standard covers the seismic assessment and retrofitting of buildings and bridges made of the more commonly used structural materials: concrete, steel and composite, timber and masonry.
NOTE Annexes B, C and D contain additional guidance related to the assessment of reinforced concrete, timber and masonry structures, respectively, and to their retrofitting when necessary.
(4) This standard is intended for the assessment of individual structures, to decide on the need for structural intervention and to design the retrofitting measures that may be necessary. It is not intended for the vulnerability assessment of populations or groups of structures in seismic risk evaluations for various purposes (e.g. for determining insurance risk, for setting risk mitigation priorities, etc.).
(5) This standard provides (in its material-specific Clauses 8 to 11) criteria for the verification of the more common retrofitting techniques currently in use.
(6) This document gives specific rules for the assessment and retrofitting relevant to existing buildings and bridges of consequence classes CC1, CC2 and CC3, as defined in EN 1990:2023, 4.3.
(7) Although the provisions of this standard are applicable to all common categories of buildings and bridges, the seismic assessment and retrofitting of monuments and heritage structures often requires different types of provisions and approaches, depending on the nature of the monuments.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) The assumptions of prEN 1998-1-1:2022, 1.2, are assumed to be applied.
(2) The provisions of this standard assume that the data collection and tests are performed by experienced personnel and that the engineer responsible for the assessment, the possible design of the retrofitting and the execution of work has appropriate experience of the type of structures being upgraded or repaired.
(3) Inspection procedures, checklists and other data-collection procedures should be documented and filed and should be referred to in the assessment/design documents.

(1) This document is applicable to the seismic design of on-ground and elevated silos, on-ground, elevated and underground tanks, above-ground and buried pipeline systems, towers, masts and chimneys and ancillary elements attached to the aforementioned structures or in industrial facilities.
(2) Unless specifically stated, EN 1998-1-1:—2, and EN 1998-5:—4 apply.
(3) prEN 1998-4 is applicable in complement to the other relevant Eurocodes.
NOTE This document contains only those provisions that, in addition to the provisions of the other relevant Eurocodes, are used for the design of new structures, as listed in (1), in seismic regions. prEN 1998-4 complements in this respect the other Eurocodes.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) The assumptions of EN 1998-1-1:—2, 1.2, are assumed to be applied.
(2) It is assumed that the changes in a) and b) will not take place during the construction phase or during the subsequent life span for all structures covered by prEN 1998-4, unless proper justification and verification is provided:
a) substantial changes in the structural systems, supporting structures or attached ancillary elements listed in 1.1 (1);
b) substantial changes of masses or mass distribution. This includes, in particular, changes in production, such as specific changes of filling loads, filling states and ancillary elements.

(1) This document is applicable to the design and verification of new buildings and temporary structures in seismic regions. It gives specific rules for the design and verification relevant to buildings of consequence classes CC1, CC2 and CC3, as defined in EN 1990:2023, 4.3.
NOTE The assessment and retrofitting of existing buildings is covered in prEN 1998-3.
(2) Unless specifically stated, prEN 1998-1-1 and prEN 1998-5 apply.
(3) EN 1998-1-2 is applicable in complement to the other relevant Eurocodes.
NOTE This document contains only those provisions that, in addition to the provisions of the other relevant Eurocodes, are used for the design of new buildings and temporary structures in seismic regions. prEN 1998-1-2 complements in this respect the other Eurocodes.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) The assumptions of prEN 1998-1-1:2022, 1.2 are assumed to be applied.

This document establishes common terms, definitions and symbols associated with geometrical product specifications (GPS) for use in rolling bearing documents. This document gives requirements and recommendations to transform GPS specifications into figures and tables in standards published under the direct responsibility of ISO/TC 4. The common uniform representation of GPS is essential to avoid different interpretations amongst ISO/TC 4 standards. This document includes basic rules for the uniform representation of ISO/TC 4 symbols, tolerance values, limits of size, deviation limits and limit values derived from GPS indications according to e.g. ISO 1101, ISO 1302 and ISO 14405 1, i.e. as indicated on technical drawings.

This document
— specifies two methodologies for the measurement of specific attributes of two-dimensional bar code symbols, one of these being applicable to multi-row bar code symbologies and the other to two-dimensional matrix symbologies;
— defines methods for evaluating and grading these measurements and deriving an overall assessment of symbol quality;
— gives information on possible causes of deviation from optimum grades to assist users in taking appropriate corrective action.
This document applies to those two-dimensional symbologies for which a reference decode algorithm has been defined, but its methodologies can be applied partially or wholly to other similar symbologies.
Note While this document may be applied to direct part marks, it is possible that better correlation between measurement results and scanning performance will be obtained with ISO/IEC 29158 in combination with this
document.

This document describes the framework for building a system for classification of requirements. Such a system can be used to indicate requirements of special importance, and communicate them for production set-up, verification, and audit etc.
This document
— gives background information why such a system is useful in many areas of manufacturing;
— can be referred to for the concept of classification of requirements;
— functions as a framework for applying such a system in technical product documentation (TPD);
— indicates the needed elements for a classification system;
— supports with aspects in the choice of symbols for a classification system.
As a framework this document does not give the details of a specific classification system. Instead, it functions as a basis for an organization specific system which contains the details such as notations and symbols, classification levels, assessment procedures etc., including usage and interpretation in the TPD.
This document does not describe contractual consequences of a classification e.g., required actions like choice of tools, reliability index or process capability for a classification level, nor needed references to
other such standards or documents for handling classifications and non-conformity to requirements.

This document describes the framework for building a system for classification of requirements. Such a system can be used to indicate requirements of special importance, and communicate them for
production set-up, verification, and audit etc.
This document
— gives background information why such a system is useful in many areas of manufacturing;
— can be referred to for the concept of classification of requirements;
— functions as a framework for applying such a system in technical product documentation (TPD);
— indicates the needed elements for a classification system;
— supports with aspects in the choice of symbols for a classification system.
As a framework this document does not give the details of a specific classification system. Instead, it functions as a basis for an organization specific system which contains the details such as notations
and symbols, classification levels, assessment procedures etc., including usage and interpretation in the TPD.
This document does not describe contractual consequences of a classification e.g., required actions like choice of tools, reliability index or process capability for a classification level, nor needed references to other such standards or documents for handling classifications and non-conformity to requirements.

This document describes a method for classification of requirements based on severity and susceptibility. This classification method needs a system in line with the framework described in ISO 24096-1 to form a complete system. This document
— indicates the needed elements for a consistent evaluation of the severity over time, and supports a company business model and its brand image;
— gives background to why more than severity is useful as a base for classification;
— adds susceptibility as a viable parameter along with severity;
— describes the methodology for classification requirements using severity and susceptibility.

This International standard method specifies a procedure for the determination of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons (from C10 to C50) in vegetable fats and oils using the online-coupled HPLC-GCFID
([1],[2] and[3]). This standard is not intended to be applied to other matrices.
The method is applicable for the analysis of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) and/or mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH).
According to the results of the interlaboratory studies, the method has been proven suitable for MOSH mass concentrations above 3 mg/kg and MOAH mass concentrations above 2 mg/kg.
In case of suspected interferences, the fossil origin of the MOSH and MOAH fraction can be verified by examination by GC⨯GC-MS.
An alternative method for the epoxidation of the MOAH fraction (performic acid epoxidation) is proposed in Annex C. This alternative method provides comparable results to the ethanolic epoxidation of the MOAH fraction described in 8.5. This alternative method for epoxidation has proven to be efficient for samples with a high amount of interferences in the MOAH fraction (e.g. tropical oils)[13].

This document facilitates clear and consistent comparisons of realistic charging capabilities of EVs via commercially available electric vehicle supply equipment. It provides details about test conditions, test
methods and test processes derived from typical use cases. Furthermore, requirements regarding the information to the vehicle operator are given specified.
The specifications in this document apply to light duty EVs (including plug-in hybrid EVs). Unless specifically noted, all test procedures may be applied to AC, Wireless, or DC charging.
NOTE Specifications for other vehicle classes (e.g. heavy duty) and for reverse power transfer are under consideration for later editions.

This document specifies a test method to determine the polar and dispersive fractions of the surface tension of liquids by optical methods. The method can be applied for the characterization of liquid coating materials.
The applicability can be restricted for liquids with non-Newtonian flow behaviour1).
This document assumes that the information of surface tension of the liquid to be tested and the surface free energy of the dispersive reference solids is known.

This document specifies a mobile method for evaluating the resistance of automotive finishes to chillediron grit projected onto the surface under test to simulate the effect of stone chipping.
Results from the test specified in this document are not comparable with results specified in ISO 20567-1.

This document specifies a test method to determine the polar and dispersive fraction of the surface tension of liquids with optical methods. The method can be applied for the characterization of liquid coating materials, especially when drying effects occur during measurement. The applicability can be
restricted for liquids with non-Newtonian flow behaviour1).
This document assumes that the information of surface tension of the liquid to be tested, as well as at least one suitable reference liquid, is known.

This document specifies a test method to measure the contact angle for the determination of the surface free energy of a solid surface. The method can be applied for the characterization of substrates and coatings.
NOTE 1 For the determination of the surface free energy of polymers and coatings, either the method in accordance with Owens, Wendt, Rabel and Kaelble or the method in accordance with Wu is used preferably.
NOTE 2 The morphological and chemical homogeneity have an influence on the measuring results.
NOTE 3 The procedures indicated in this document are based on the state-of-the-art employing the drop projection method in penumbral shadow. Other methods are not excluded.
NOTE 4 Measuring the contact angle on powders is not part of this document. For further information, see the bibliography.

This document specifies a test method to measure the surface tension of liquids with an optical method using the pendant drop. The method can be applied for the characterization of liquid coating materials.
The applicability can be restricted for liquids with non-Newtonian flow behaviour1).
NOTE For other methods to determine the surface tension, see e.g. EN 14370 and ISO 1409.

This document specifies a method to measure the dynamic contact angle with an optical method. The advancing and the receding contact angles are determined.
By means of this defined measurement, the wetting and dewetting properties can be characterized. It can also be concluded on the morphological and chemical homogeneity of interfaces.

This document specifies a method for the dynamic measurement of the roll-off angle of a liquid drop on a solid surface. From the dynamic measurement, the advancing and receding contact angles of the drop rolling off can also be determined. The roll-off angle plays a role when evaluating, for example, easy-toclean or anti-adherent surfaces.