Miljö- och hälsoskydd. Säkerhet

This document specifies the nomenclature for typical components of respiratory protective devices. It does not specify which or how many components are used and where they are located in the apparatus.

The illustrations used are given as examples only for the identification of the different parts and the corresponding terms for facilitating the application. The terms and definitions used are given in EN ISO 16972:2020 and EN 135:1998.

The terms are given in the three official CEN languages.

This document specifies requirements and test methods for the non-metallic inserts with resistance against mechanical perforation, intended to function as components of PPE footwear (e.g. as described by ISO DIS 20345:2020, ISO DIS 20346 :2021and ISO DIS 20347:2020).

This document is applicable to carbon dioxide used for treatment of water intended for human consumption. It describes the characteristics of carbon dioxide and specifies the requirements and corresponding analytical methods for carbon dioxide. It also gives information on its use in water treatment.

This document specifies the derivation of biological equivalence (BEQ) concentrations for results of in vitro bioassays which are based on measuring effects on a biological process such as enzyme induction or cellular growth. The concept described here can be used for any biological assay after the proof of its applicability.

To derive BEQ concentrations the effect on a biological process caused by a sample – i.e. the activity of the sample – is expressed in terms of a concentration of a reference compound which results in an equivalent effect on the process. BEQ concentrations can be derived for environmental water samples, extracts of environmental water samples including tap water or solutions of pure chemicals or mixtures of chemicals.

NOTE The term ‘sample’ used in this document addresses environmental samples as well as defined mixtures and pure compounds used as test item in a bioassay

(1) EN 1999-1-5 applies to the structural design of aluminium structures, stiffened and unstiffened, that have the form of a shell of revolution or of a round panel in monocoque structures.

(2) EN 1999-1-5 covers additional provisions to those given in the relevant parts of EN 1999 for design of aluminium structures.

NOTE Supplementary information for certain types of shells is given in EN 1993-1-6 and the relevant application parts which include:

— Part 3-1 for towers and masts;

— Part 3-2 for chimneys;

— Part 4-1 for silos;

— Part 4-2 for tanks;

— Part 4-3 for pipelines.

(4) The provisions in EN 1999-1-5 apply to axisymmetric shells (cylinders, cones, spheres) and associated circular or annular plates, beam section rings and stringer stiffeners, where they form part of the complete structure.

(5) Single shell panels (cylindrical, conical or spherical) are not explicitly covered by EN 1999-1-5. However, the provisions can be applicable if the appropriate boundary conditions are duly taken into account.

(6) Types of shell walls covered in EN 1999-1-5 can be (see Figure 1.1):

— shell wall constructed from flat rolled sheet with adjacent plates connected with butt welds, termed ‘isotropic’;

— shell wall with lap joints formed by connecting adjacent plates with overlapping sections, termed lap-jointed;

— shell wall with stiffeners attached to the outside, termed ‘externally stiffened’ irrespective of the spacing of stiffeners;

— shell wall with the corrugations running up the meridian, termed ‘axially corrugated’;

— shell wall constructed from corrugated sheets with the corrugations running around the shell circumference, termed ‘circumferentially corrugated’.

(7) The provisions of EN 1999-1-5 are intended to be applied within the temperature range defined in EN 1999-1-1. The maximum temperature is restricted so that the influence of creep can be neglected. For structures subject to elevated temperatures associated with fire see EN 1999-1-2.

(8) EN 1999-1-5 does not cover the aspect of leakage.

This document addresses aspects of management of solid biomedical radioactive waste from its generation in nuclear medicine facilities to final clearance and disposal, as well as the manner to establish an effective program for biomedical radioactive waste management.

Liquid and gaseous wastes are excluded from the scope of the document, but solid waste includes spent and surplus solutions of radionuclides contained in vials, tubes or syringes. Therefore, this document should be useful for any nuclear medicine facilities dealing with in vivo medical applications of radionuclides and consequently with the waste associated with such applications.

This document provides a list of the main radionuclides used in nuclear medicine facility and their main physical characteristics, as well as the radioactive waste management program for their sorting, collection, packaging and labelling, radioactivity surveys and decay storage, clearance levels, and transportation, if necessary, until their ultimate disposal or discharge.

This document may also be useful as guidance for regulatory bodies.

(1) This document deals with the design of aluminium structures for the accidental situation of fire exposure and is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1999-1-1, EN 1999-1-3, EN 1999-1-4 and EN 1999-1-5. This document only identifies differences from, or supplements to, normal temperature design.

(2) This document applies to aluminium structures required to fulfil a load bearing function.

(3) This document gives principles and application rules for the design of structures for specified requirements in respect of the aforementioned function and the levels of performance.

(4) This document applies to structures, or parts of structures, that are within the scope of EN 1999-1-1 and are designed accordingly.

(5) The methods given in this document are applicable to the following aluminium alloys: EN AW-3004 – H34

EN AW-5083 – O and H12

EN AW-6063 – T5 and T6

EN AW-5005 – O and H34

EN AW-5454 – O and H34

EN AW-6082 – T4 and T6

EN AW-5052 – H34

EN AW-6061 – T6

This part of ISO 21438 specifies a method for the determination of the time-weighted average mass concentration of sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid in workplace air by ion chromatography. The anions are detected by conductivity.

The method is applicable to the personal sampling of airborne particles, as defined in ISO 7708 and to static (area) sampling.

The method is not applicable to the determination of sulfur trioxide.

The procedure does not differentiate between the acids and their corresponding salts if both are present in the air.

The procedure does not differentiate between phosphoric acid and diphosphorus pentoxide (phosphoric anhydride) if both are present in the workplace.

(1) This document allows the identification of the appropriate leaching test method for the determination of the release of RDS from construction products into soil, surface water and groundwater. This document provides a stepwise procedure for the determination of appropriate release tests, including:

a) determination of the test method based on general product properties;

b) choice of the test method using specific product properties.

(2) Furthermore, this document gives general guidance for CEN Technical Product Committees and EOTA WGs on basic aspects (sampling, sample preparation and storage, eluate treatment, analysis of eluates and documentation) to be specified in the relevant product standards or ETAs.

(3) Metallic products and coatings on metallic products are not considered in the determination scheme of this document since the test methods in prEN 16637-2:—1) (tank test) and prEN 16637-3:—2) (column test) are not appropriate for the testing of these construction products due to a different release mechanism (solubility control).

NOTE See Annex F.

(4) It is assumed that intermittent contact with water (e.g. exposure to rainwater) is tested – by convention – as permanent contact. For some coatings, (e.g. some renders with organic binders according to EN 15824 [7]) in intermittent contact to water, physical and chemical properties might be altered in permanent contact with water. These products are not considered in the determination scheme of this document since the test method in prEN 16637-2 is not appropriate for the testing of these construction products (in this case EN 16105 [8] might be an alternative method).

(1) This document specifies a dynamic surface leaching test (DSLT) which is aimed at determining the release per unit surface area as a function of time of inorganic and/or non-volatile organic substances from a monolithic, plate- or sheet-like product, when it is put into contact with an aqueous solution (leachant). The test method is not suitable for substances that are volatile under ambient conditions.

(2) This test is a parameter specific test focusing on identifying and specifying parameter specific properties tested under specified conditions. It is not aimed at simulating real situations. The application of results to specific intended conditions of use may be established by means of modelling (not included in this document).

(3) The test method applies to more or less regularly shaped test portions consisting of monolithic test pieces with minimum dimensions of 40 mm in all directions (volume > 64 000 mm3 (64 cm3)). It also applies to plate- or sheet-like products with surface areas of minimum 10 000 mm2 (100 cm2) exposed to the leachant. Products designed to drain water (e.g. draining tiles, porous asphalt) and monolithic granular products according to prEN 16637-1:—1), Table 1, are also tested by this test method. All products to be tested are assumed to maintain their integrity over a time frame relevant for the considered intended use.

(4) The modification for granular construction products with low hydraulic conductivity (Annex A) applies for granular particles with so little drainage capacity between the grains that percolation in percolation tests and in practice is nearly impossible.

(5) Metals, metallic coatings and organic coatings on metals are excluded from the scope of this document because the principles of this test (diffusion) are not obeyed by these products. Guidance on the need for testing of these products is under consideration.

(6) For some coatings (e.g. some renders with organic binders according to EN 15824 [9]) in intermittent contact to water, physical and chemical properties might be changed in permanent contact with water. For these products this document is not appropriate.

(7) Guidance on the applicability of the test method to a given product is outlined in prEN 16637-1.

NOTE 1 This test method is only applicable if the product is chemically stable and the matrix does not dissolve. For construction products that are possibly used in contact with water this is usually not the case as construction products are then supposed to be dimensionally stable. If a product possibly wears substantially in its intended use, the test cannot provide proper information. If the product contains a substantial amount of water-soluble compounds, e.g. gypsum or anhydrite, the matrix could (partially) dissolve and lead to dimensional instability of the test piece. In this case the test standard also cannot be used.

NOTE 2 Volatile organic substances include the low molecular weight substances in mixtures such as mineral oil.

NOTE 3 It is not always possible to optimize test conditions simultaneously for inorganic and organic substances. Optimum test conditions can also vary between different groups of organic substances. Test requirements for organic substances are generally more stringent than those for inorganic substances. The test conditions suitable for measuring the release of organic substances will generally also be applicable to inorganic substances.

(1) This document specifies an up-flow percolation test (PT) which is applicable to determine the leaching behaviour of inorganic and non-volatile organic substances from granular construction products. The test is not suitable for substances that are volatile under ambient conditions. The construction products are subjected to percolation with water as a function of liquid to solid ratio under specified percolation conditions. The method is a once-through column leaching test.

(2) This up-flow percolation test is performed under specified test conditions for construction products and does not necessarily produce results that mimic specific intended use conditions. This test method produces eluates, which can subsequently be characterized by physical, chemical and ecotoxicological methods according to existing standard methods. The results of eluate analysis are presented as a function of the liquid/solid ratio. The test results enable the distinction between different leaching behaviour.

NOTE 1 Volatile organic substances include the low molecular weight substances in mixtures such as mineral oil.

NOTE 2 It is not always possible to adjust test conditions simultaneously for inorganic and organic substances. Test conditions can also vary between different groups of organic substances. Test conditions for organic substances are generally more stringent than those for inorganic substances. The test conditions are generally described in a way that they fit testing organic substances and are also applicable to inorganic substances depending on the set-up.

NOTE 3 For ecotoxicity testing, eluates representing the release of both inorganic and organic substances are needed. In this document, ecotoxicological testing is meant to include also genotoxicological testing.

NOTE 4 Construction products with a low hydraulic conductivity that can cause detrimental pressure build-up are not supposed to be subjected to this test.

NOTE 5 This procedure is generally not applicable to products that are easily biologically degradable and products reacting with the leachant, leading, for example, to excessive gas emission or excessive heat release, impermeable hydraulically bound products or products that swell in contact with water.

(3) In this document the same test conditions as for prEN 17516 (CEN/TC 444/WG 1) are applied in order to allow full comparability of testing construction products and waste derived construction products to avoid double testing. The prEN 17516 test results are eligible in the context of testing construction products as well.

NOTE 6 If a leaching test according to prEN 17516 has been performed, additional prEN 16637-3 testing does not need to be carried out.

This document provides check lists for the assessment of the environmental aspects of welding fabrication of metallic materials including site and repair work. Informative annexes indicate recommended actions for avoiding and reducing the possible environmental impacts outside the workshop.

This document specifies the general requirements to carry out radionuclides tests, including sampling of soil including rock from bedrock and ore as well as of construction materials and products, pottery, etc. using NORM or those from technological processes involving Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (TENORM) e.g. the mining and processing of mineral sands or phosphate fertilizer production and use.

For simplification, the term "soil" used in this document covers the set of elements mentioned above.

This document is addressed to people responsible for determining the radioactivity present in soils for the purpose of radiation protection. This concerns soils from gardens and farmland, urban or industrial sites, as well as soil not affected by human activities.

This document is applicable to all laboratories regardless of the number of personnel or the extent of the scope of testing activities. When a laboratory does not undertake one or more of the activities covered by this document, such as planning, sampling or testing, the requirements of those clauses do not apply.

This document is to be used in conjunction with other parts of ISO 18589 that outline the setting up of programmes and sampling techniques, methods of general processing of samples in the laboratory and also methods for measuring the radioactivity in soil. Its purpose is the following:

— define the main terms relating to soils, sampling, radioactivity and its measurement;

— describe the origins of the radioactivity in soils;

— define the main objectives of the study of radioactivity in soil samples;

— present the principles of studies of soil radioactivity;

— identify the analytical and procedural requirements when measuring radioactivity in soil.

This document is applicable if radionuclide measurements for the purpose of radiation protection are to be made in the following cases:

— initial characterization of radioactivity in the environment;

— routine surveillance of the impact of nuclear installations or of the evolution of the general territory;

— investigations of accident and incident situations;

— planning and surveillance of remedial action;

— decommissioning of installations or clearance of materials.

This document describes a method for measuring 238Pu and 239 + 240 isotopes in soil by alpha spectrometry samples using chemical separation techniques.

The method can be used for any type of environmental study or monitoring. These techniques can also be used for measurements of very low levels of activity, one or two orders of magnitude less than the level of natural alpha-emitting radionuclides.

The test methods described in this document can also be used to measure the radionuclides in sludge, sediment, construction material and products following proper sampling procedure[2][3][4][5][7][8].

The mass of the test portion required depends on the assumed activity of the sample and the desired detection limit. In practice, it can range from 0,1 g to 100 g of the test sample.

This document describes the principles for the measurement of the activity of 90Sr in equilibrium with 90Y and 89Sr, pure beta emitting radionuclides, in soil samples. Different chemical separation methods are presented to produce strontium and yttrium sources, the activity of which is determined using proportional counters (PC) or liquid scintillation counters (LSC). 90Sr can be obtained from the test samples when the equilibrium between 90Sr and 90Y is reached or through direct 90Y measurement. The selection of the measuring method depends on the origin of the contamination, the characteristics of the soil to be analysed, the required accuracy of measurement and the resources of the available laboratories.

These methods are used for soil monitoring following discharges, whether past or present, accidental or routine, liquid or gaseous. It also covers the monitoring of contamination caused by global nuclear fallout.

In case of recent fallout immediately following a nuclear accident, the contribution of 89Sr to the total amount of strontium activity will not be negligible. This standard provides the measurement method to determine the activity of 90Sr in presence of 89Sr.

The test methods described in this document can also be used to measure the radionuclides in sludge, sediment, construction material and products by following proper sampling procedure.

Using samples sizes of 20 g and counting times of 1 000 min, detection limits of (0,1 to 0,5) Bq·kg-1 can be achievable for 90Sr using conventional and commercially available proportional counter or liquid scintillation counter when the presence of 89Sr can be neglected. If 89Sr is present in the test sample, detection limits of (1 to 2) Bq·kg-1 can be obtained for both 90Sr and 89Sr using the same sample size, counting time and proportional counter or liquid scintillation counter as in the previous situation.

This document provides a method that allows an estimation of gross radioactivity of alpha- and beta-emitters present in soil samples. It applies, essentially, to systematic inspections based on comparative measurements or to preliminary site studies to guide the testing staff both in the choice of soil samples for measurement as a priority and in the specific analysis methods for implementation.

The gross α or β radioactivity is generally different from the sum of the effective radioactivities of the radionuclides present since, by convention, the same alpha counting efficiency is assigned for all the alpha emissions and the same beta counting efficiency is assigned for all the beta emissions.

Soil includes rock from bedrock and ore as well as construction materials and products, potery, etc. using naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) or those from technological processes involving Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (TENORM), e.g. the mining and processing of mineral sands or phosphate fertilizer production and use.

The test methods described in this document can also be used to assess gross radioactivity of alpha- and beta-emitters in sludge, sediment, construction material and products following proper sampling procedure[2][3][4][5][7][8].

For simplification, the term "soil" used in this document covers the set of elements mentioned above.

This document describes the methods for determining the activity in becquerel (Bq) of gamma-ray emitting radionuclides in test samples by gamma-ray spectrometry. The measurements are carried out in a testing laboratory following proper sample preparation. The test samples can be solid, liquid or gaseous. Applications include:

— routine surveillance of radioactivity released from nuclear installations or from sites discharging enhanced levels of naturally occurring radioactive materials;

— contributing to determining the evolution of radioactivity in the environment;

— investigating accident and incident situations, in order to plan remedial actions and monitor their effectiveness;

— assessment of potentially contaminated waste materials from nuclear decommissioning activities;

— surveillance of radioactive contamination in media such as soils, foodstuffs, potable water, groundwaters, seawater or sewage sludge;

— measurements for estimating the intake (inhalation, ingestion or injection) of activity of gamma-ray emitting radionuclides in the body.

It is assumed that the user of this document has been given information on the composition of the test sample or the site. In some cases, the radionuclides for analysis have also been specified if characteristic limits are needed. It is also assumed that the test sample has been homogenised and is representative of the material under test.

General guidance is included for preparing the samples for measurement. However, some types of sample are to be prepared following the requirements of specific standards referred to in this document. The generic recommendations can also be useful for the measurement of gamma-ray emitters in situ.

This document includes generic advice on equipment selection (see Annex A), detectors (more detailed information is included in Annex D), and commissioning of instrumentation and method validation. Annex F summarises the influence of different measurement parameters on results for a typical gamma-ray spectrometry system. Quality control and routine maintenance are also covered, but electrical testing of the detector and pulse processing electronics is excluded. It is assumed that any data collection and analysis software used has been written and tested in accordance with relevant software standards such as ISO/IEC/IEEE 12207.

Calibration using reference sources and/or numerical methods is covered, including verification of the results. It also covers the procedure to estimate the activity content of the sample (Bq) from the spectrum.

The principles set out in this document are applicable to measurements by gamma-ray spectrometry in testing laboratories and in situ. However, the detailed requirements for in situ measurement are given in ISO 18589-7 and are outside the scope of this document.

This document covers, but is not restricted to, gamma-ray emitters which emit photons in the energy range of 5 keV to 3 000 keV. However, most of the measurements fall into the range 40 keV to 2 000 keV. The activity (Bq) ranges from the low levels (sub-Bq) found in environmental samples to activities found in accident conditions and high level radioactive wastes.

This document is intended for the validation of codes used for the calculation of doses received by individuals on board aircraft. It gives guidance to radiation protection authorities and code developers on the basic functional requirements which the code fulfils.

Depending on any formal approval by a radiation protection authority, additional requirements concerning the software testing can apply.

This document specifies the dose assessment method when an RPLD is used for dosimetry audit in external high-energy X-ray beam radiotherapy.

The dosimetry for electron beams and X-ray beams of stereotactic radiotherapy, gamma-ray of brachytherapy is not included in this version.

This document addresses RPLD handling, measurement method, conversion of measured value to dose, necessary correction coefficient, and the performance requirements for RPLD systems, including the reader.