Petroleum och motsvarande tekniker

This document is a supplement to API [SPECIFICATION 19G2], 2nd edition (2020), the requirements of which are applicable with the exceptions specified in this document. This specification provides requirements for subsurface flow-control devices used in side-pocket mandrels 

intended for use in the worldwide petroleum and natural gas industry. This specification addresses injection pressure-operated(IPO), production-pressure-operated (PPO), pilot, orifice, and dummy flow-control devices. This includes requirements for specifying, selecting, designing, manufacturing, quality control, testing, and preparation for the shipping of flow-control devices. Additionally, it includes information regarding performance testing and calibration requirements. The installation and retrieval of flow-control devices is outside the scope of this specification. Additionally, this specification is not applicable to flow-control devices with concentric axes.

This specification does not include requirements for side-pocket mandrels, running, pulling, kick-over tools, or latches that may or may not be covered in other API documents. Reconditioning of used flow-control devices is outside the scope of this specification.

ISO 14044 requires the goal and scope of an LCA to be clearly defined and be consistent with the intended application. Due to the iterative nature of LCA, it is possible that the LCA scope needs to be refined during the study. This document specifies methodologies that can be applied to determine the carbon footprint of a product (CFP) or partial CFP of a hydrogen product in line with ISO 14067. The goals and scopes of the methodologies correspond to either approach a) or b), given below, that ISO 14040:2006, A.2 gives as two possible approaches to LCA. a)   An approach that assigns elementary flows and potential environmental impacts to a specific product system, typically as an account of the history of the product. b)   An approach that studies the environmental consequences of possible (future) changes between alternative product systems. Approaches a) and b) have become known as attributional and consequential, respectively, with complementary information accessible in the ILCD handbook.[1] There are numerous pathways to produce hydrogen from various primary energy sources. This document describes the requirements and evaluation methods applied to several hydrogen production pathways of interest: electrolysis, steam methane reforming (with carbon capture and storage), co-production and coal gasification (with carbon capture and storage), auto-thermal reforming (with carbon capture and storage), hydrogen as a co-product in industrial applications and hydrogen from biomass waste as feedstock. This document also considers the GHG emissions due to the conditioning or conversion of hydrogen into different physical forms and chemical carriers: —   hydrogen liquefaction; —   production, transport and cracking of ammonia as a hydrogen carrier; —   hydrogenation, transport and dehydrogenation of liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs). This document considers the GHG emissions due to hydrogen and/or hydrogen carriers’ transport up to the consumption gate. It is possible that future revisions of this document will consider additional hydrogen production, conditioning, conversion and transport methods. This document applies to and includes every delivery along the supply chain up to the final delivery to the consumption gate (see Figure 2 in the Introduction). This document also provides additional information related to evaluation principles, system boundaries and expected reported metrics in the form of Annexes A to K, that are accessible via the online ISO portal (https://standards.iso.org/iso/ts/19870/ed-1/en).

This International Standard specifies a test method for the determination of the flash point of chemicals, lube oils, aviation turbine fuel, diesel fuel, diesel/biodiesel blends and other liquids by a continuously closed cup tester utilizing a specimen size of 2 ml, cup size of 7 ml, with a heating rate of 2.5 °C per minute. This flash point test method is a dynamic method and depends on definite rates of temperature increase. It is one of the many flash point test methods available and every flash point test method, including this one, is an empirical method. It utilises an electric arc as the ignitor and detects the flash point by pressure measurement.This test method is suitable for testing samples with a flash point from 22,5 °C to 235,5 °C. Flash point determinations below 22,5 °C and above 235,5 °C may be performed, but the precision has not been determined.

This document determines the fuel quality classes and specifications of graded firewood. This document covers only firewood produced from the following raw materials (see ISO 17725‑1:2021, Table 1): —   1.1.1 Whole trees without roots; —   1.1.3 Stem wood; —   1.1.4 Logging residues (thick branches, tops etc.); —   1.2.1 Chemically untreated by-products and residues from wood processing industry.

This document establishes the terms and definitions, used in the field of natural gas, natural gas substitutes, mixtures of natural gas with gaseous fuels (such as unconventional and renewable gases) and wet gas.

This document describes the standard cost coding system (SCCS) that classifies costs, work hours and quantities for the assets and operations associated with the oil and gas industries including lower carbon energy activities. This document covers all life cycle phases of the assets and operations. The SCCS is applicable to: — cost estimation; — benchmarking; — cost monitoring and reporting; — collection of quantities, work hours and cost data; — exchange of cost data among organizations; — implementation in cost systems. This document may also provide a basis for the establishment of: — cost classification relevant to cost accounting rules, specific contractual agreements, local requirements for cost reporting to national bodies, government rules and tax regulations, authorization for expenditure, billing purposes, etc.; — specific project breakdown structures (e.g., work breakdown structures, contract breakdown structures and organizational breakdown structures) or asset breakdown (e.g., tag/system codes and area/module breakdown structures) which are and will remain unique.

This document describes the concept of production assurance within the systems and operations associated with exploration drilling, exploitation, processing and transport of petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas resources. This document covers upstream (including subsea), midstream and downstream facilities, petrochemical and associated activities. It focuses on production assurance of oil and gas production, processing and associated activities and covers the analysis of reliability and maintenance of the components. This includes a variety of business categories and associated systems/equipment in the oil and gas value chain. Production assurance addresses not only hydrocarbon production, but also associated activities such as drilling, pipeline installation and subsea intervention. This document provides processes and activities, requirements and guidelines for systematic management, effective planning, execution and use of production assurance and reliability technology. This is to achieve cost-effective solutions over the life cycle of an asset development project structured around the following main elements: — production assurance management for optimum economy of the facility through all of its life cycle phases, while also considering constraints arising from health, safety, environment, and quality; — planning, execution and implementation of reliability technology; — application of reliability and maintenance data; — reliability-based technology development, design and operational improvement. The IEC 60300-3 series addresses equipment reliability and maintenance performance in general. This document designates 12 processes, of which seven are defined as core production assurance processes and addressed in this document. The remaining five processes are denoted as interacting processes and are outside the scope of this document. The interaction of the core production assurance processes with these interacting processes, however, is within the scope of this document as the information flow to and from these latter processes is required to ensure that production assurance requirements can be fulfilled. The only requirement mandated by this document is the establishment and execution of the production assurance programme (PAP). It is important to reflect the PAP in the overall project management in the project for which it applies. This document recommends that the listed processes and activities be initiated only if they can be considered to add value.

This document covers the functional recommendations for design, construction, testing, commissioning, operation, maintenance and abandonment of underground gas storage (UGS) facilities in aquifers up to and including the wellhead. It specifies practices, which are safe and environmentally acceptable. For necessary surface facilities for underground gas storage, EN 1918 5 applies. In this context “gas” refers to flammable gas: — which is in a gaseous state at a temperature of 15 °C and under a pressure of 0,1 MPa (the stored product is also named fluid); — which meets specific quality requirements in order to maintain underground storage integrity, performance, environmental compatibility and fulfils contractual requirements. This comprises: — gas not in liquid phase under subsurface conditions; — methane-rich gases; — natural gas; — biomethane; — synthetic methane; — hydrogen of various purities; — any mixtures of the gases above; — hydrocarbon gas in liquid phase under subsurface conditions such as; — ethylene; — liquified petroleum gas (LPG). NOTE 1 Correspondingly the EN 1918 series can be considered where applicable for underground storage of any other fluid e.g. helium, carbon dioxide, compressed air, rDME (renewable dimethyl ether) and hydrogen transport fluids (such as ammonia and LOHC). This document is not intended to be applied retrospectively to existing facilities. NOTE 2 Correspondingly this document can be considered for major conversions in case of significant change of gas composition.

This document covers the functional recommendations for design, construction, testing, commissioning, operation, maintenance and abandonment of underground gas storage (UGS) facilities in oil and gas fields up to and including the wellhead. It specifies practices which are safe and environmentally acceptable. For necessary surface facilities for underground gas storage, EN 1918 5 applies. In this context “gas” refers to flammable gas: — which is in a gaseous state at a temperature of 15 °C and under a pressure of 0,1 MPa (the stored product is also named fluid); — which meets specific quality requirements in order to maintain underground storage integrity, performance, environmental compatibility and fulfils contractual requirements. This comprises: — gas not in liquid phase under subsurface conditions; — methane-rich gases; — natural gas; — biomethane; — synthetic methane; — hydrogen of various purities; — any mixtures of the gases above; — hydrocarbon gas in liquid phase under subsurface conditions such as; — ethylene; — liquified petroleum gas (LPG). NOTE 1 Correspondingly the EN 1918 series can be considered where applicable for underground storage of any other fluid e.g. helium, carbon dioxide, compressed air, rDME (renewable dimethyl ether) and hydrogen transport fluids (such as ammonia and LOHC). This document is not intended to be applied retrospectively to existing facilities. NOTE 2 Correspondingly this document can be considered for major conversions in case of significant change of gas composition.

This document covers the functional recommendations for design, construction, testing, commissioning, operation, maintenance and abandonment of underground gas storage (UGS) facilities in solution-mined salt caverns up to and including the wellhead. It specifies practices which are safe and environmentally acceptable. For necessary surface facilities for underground gas storage, EN 1918 5 applies. In this context “gas” refers to flammable gas: — which is in a gaseous state at a temperature of 15 °C and under a pressure of 0,1 MPa (the stored product is also named fluid); — which meets specific quality requirements in order to maintain underground storage integrity, performance, environmental compatibility and fulfils contractual requirements. This comprises: — gas not in liquid phase under subsurface conditions; — methane-rich gases; — natural gas; — biomethane; — synthetic methane; — hydrogen of various purities; — any mixtures of the gases above; — hydrocarbon gas in liquid phase under subsurface conditions such as; — ethylene; — liquified petroleum gas (LPG). NOTE 1 Correspondingly the EN 1918 series can be considered where applicable for underground storage of any other fluid e.g. helium, carbon dioxide, compressed air, rDME (renewable dimethyl ether) and hydrogen transport fluids (such as ammonia and LOHC). This document is not intended to be applied retrospectively to existing facilities. NOTE 2 Correspondingly this document can be considered for major conversions in case of significant change of gas composition.

This document covers the functional recommendations for design, construction, testing, commissioning, operation, maintenance and abandonment of underground gas storage (UGS) facilities in mined rock caverns up to and including the wellhead. This document specifies practices which are safe and environmentally acceptable. For necessary surface facilities for underground gas storage, EN 1918 5 applies. In this context, “gas” refers to flammable gas: — which is in a gaseous state at a temperature of 15 °C and under a pressure of 0,1 MPa (the stored product is also named fluid); — which meets specific quality requirements in order to maintain underground storage integrity, performance, environmental compatibility and fulfils contractual requirements. This comprises: — gas not in liquid phase under subsurface conditions; — methane-rich gases; — natural gas; — biomethane; — synthetic methane; — hydrogen of various purities; — any mixtures of the gases above; — hydrocarbon gas in liquid phase under subsurface conditions such as; — ethylene; — liquified petroleum gas (LPG). NOTE 1 Correspondingly the EN 1918 series can be considered where applicable for underground storage of any other fluid e.g. helium, carbon dioxide, compressed air, rDME (renewable dimethyl ether) and hydrogen transport fluids (such as ammonia and LOHC). Gases that are liquid in subsurface conditions are not considered in this document. This document is not intended to be applied retrospectively to existing facilities. NOTE 2 Correspondingly this document can be considered for major conversions in case of significant change of gas composition.

This document covers the functional recommendations for the design, construction, testing, commissioning, operation, maintenance and abandonment of the surface facilities for underground gas storage (UGS), between the wellhead and the connection to the gas grid. It specifies practices which are safe and environmentally acceptable. For necessary subsurface facilities for underground storage, the relevant part of EN 1918 1 to EN 1918 4 applies. In this context, “gas” refers to flammable gas: — which is in a gaseous state at a temperature of 15 °C and under a pressure of 0,1 MPa. The stored product is also named fluid. — which meets specific quality requirements in order to maintain underground storage integrity, performance, environmental compatibility and fulfils contractual requirements. This comprises: — gas not in liquid phase under subsurface conditions: — methane-rich gases; — natural gas; — biomethane; — synthetic methane; — hydrogen of various purities; — any mixtures of the gases above; — hydrocarbon gas in liquid phase under subsurface conditions such as: — ethylene; — liquified petroleum gas (LPG). NOTE 1 Correspondingly the EN 1918 series can be considered where applicable for underground storage of any other fluid e.g. helium, carbon dioxide, compressed air, rDME (renewable dimethyl ether) and hydrogen transport fluids (such as ammonia and LOHC). This document is not intended to be applied retrospectively to existing facilities. NOTE 2 Correspondingly this document can be considered for major conversions in case of significant change of gas composition.

This document specifies requirements on the development and implementation of a Safety Management System (SMS) and a Pipeline Integrity Management System (PIMS). The SMS is applicable for system operators of a gas infrastructure. The PIMS is applicable for system operators of gas infrastructure with a maximum operating pressure (MOP) over 16 bar. This document refers to all activities and processes related to safety aspects and performed by system operators of a gas infrastructure, including those activities entrusted to contractors. It includes safety-related provisions on operation of the gas infrastructure. This document is applicable to infrastructure for the conveyance of processed, non-toxic and non-corrosive natural gas according to EN ISO 13686 and gases such as biomethane and hydrogen and to mixtures of these gases with natural gas. This document covers also gases classified as group H, that are to be transmitted, injected into and from storages, distributed and utilized, as specified in EN 16726. For the requirements and test methods for biomethane at the point of entry into a natural gas network, reference is made to EN 16723-1. This document can be applied for gas infrastructure conveying gases of the 3rd gas family as classified in EN 437 or for other gases such as carbon dioxide. Specific requirements for occupational health and safety are excluded from this document. For these, other European and/or international standards, e.g. ISO 45001, apply. This document specifies common basic principles for gas infrastructure. It is important that users of this document are expected to be aware that more detailed national standards and/or codes of practice exist in the CEN member countries. This document is intended to be applied in association with these national standards and/or codes of practice setting out the above-mentioned basic principles. In the event of conflicts in terms of more restrictive requirements in national legislation/regulation with the requirements of this document, the national legislation/regulation takes precedence as illustrated in CEN/TR 13737 (all parts). NOTE CEN/TR 13737 (all parts) contains: - clarification of relevant legislation/regulations applicable in a country; - if appropriate, more restrictive national requirements; - national contact points for the latest information.

This document describes the functional requirements for pipelines for maximum operating pressure over 16 bar. This document also describes the mechanical requirements for pipework in stations with a maximum operating pressure greater than 16 bar. NOTE 1 Welding requirements are described in EN 12732. Functional requirements for stations are given in EN 1776, EN 1918-5, EN 12186, and EN 12583. This document is applicable for transporting gas via onshore high-pressure steel pipeline infrastructures, where the following applies: - onshore: - from the point where the pipeline first crosses what is normally accepted as battery limit between onshore and offshore, and that is not located within commercial or industrial premises as an integral part of the industrial process on these premises except for any pipelines and facilities supplying such premises; - pipeline system with a starting point onshore, also when parts of the pipeline system on the mainland subsequently cross fjords, lakes, etc. - high pressure: gas with a maximum operating pressure over 16 bar and a design temperature between −40 °C and 120 °C. - steel pipeline infrastructure: infrastructure consisting of pipeline components, such as pipes, valves, couplings and other equipment, restricted to components made of unalloyed or low alloyed carbon steel and joined by welds, flanges or mechanical couplings. - gas: non-corrosive natural gas, biomethane gas, hydrogen gas and mixtures of these gases where technical evaluation has ensured that operating conditions or constituents or properties of the gas do not affect the safe operation of the pipeline. Gas infrastructures covered by this document begin after the gas producer's metering station. NOTE 2 The functional demarcation of the pipeline system is usually directly after an isolating valve of the installation, but can differ in particular situations. The functional demarcation of the pipeline system is usually located on an isolating valve of the installation, but can differ in particular situations. A schematic representation of pipelines for gas infrastructure is given in Figure 1. This document can also be applied to the repurposing of existing pipelines. [Figure 1 - Schematic representation of pipelines for gas supply over 16 bar] This document specifies common basic principles for gas infrastructure. Users of this standard are expected to be aware that more detailed national standards and/or code of practice can exist in the CEN member countries. This document is intended to be applied in association with these national standards and/or codes of practice setting out the above-mentioned basic principles. In the event of conflicts in terms of more restrictive requirements in national legislation/regulation with the requirements of this standard, the national legislation/regulation takes precedence as illustrated in CEN/TR 13737. CEN/TR 13737 gives: - clarification of all legislations/regulations applicable in a member state; - if appropriate, more restrictive national requirements; - a national contact point for the latest information.

This document specifies a laboratory method for the determination of the distillation characteristics of light and middle distillates derived from petroleum and related products of synthetic or biological origin with initial boiling points above 0 °C and end-points below approximately 400 °C, utilizing either manual or automated equipment. Light distillates are typically automotive engine petrol, automotive engine ethanol fuel blends with up to 85 % (V/V) ethanol, and aviation petrol. Middle distillates are typically aviation turbine fuel, kerosene, diesel, diesel with up to 30 % (V/V) FAME, burner fuel, and marine fuels that have no appreciable quantities of residua. NOTE For the purposes of this document, the term "% (V/V)" is used to represent the volume fraction of a material. The distillation (volatility) characteristics of hydrocarbons and related products of synthetic or biological origin have an important effect on their safety and performance, especially in the case of fuels and solvents. The boiling range gives important information on composition and behaviour during storage and use, and the rate of evaporation is an important factor in the application of many solvents. Limiting values to specified distillation characteristics are applied to most distillate petroleum product and liquid fuel specifications in order to control end-use performance and to regulate the formation of vapours which may form explosive mixtures with air, or otherwise escape into the atmosphere as emissions (VOC).

This document specifies the quality characteristics of liquid or gaseous hydrogen fuel dispensed at hydrogen refuelling stations for use in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell vehicle systems, and the corresponding quality assurance considerations for ensuring uniformity of the hydrogen fuel.

This document specifies a gas chromatographic method for ethanol, in which higher alcohols (propan-1-ol, butan-1-ol, butan-2-ol, 2-methylpropan-1-ol (iso-butanol), 2-methylbutan-1-ol, and 3-methylbutan-1-ol) from (0,1 up to 2,5) mass percentage, methanol from (0,1 up to 3) mass percentage and other impurities, in the range from (0,1 up to 2) mass percentage are determined. Impurities are all the compounds not attributed to the groups of higher alcohols or methanol. NOTE 1 The European ethanol blending component specification [1] sets a limit for the combined result of ethanol + higher alcohols, not the ethanol content itself. The method is developed for non-denatured ethanol samples. With sufficient attention to correct separation of the higher alcohols and other components, determination of hydrocarbons in ethanol that contains denaturants as per EN 15376[1] is possible. Water, if present in the sample, is not included in this analysis, because a signal for water is not visible in the chromatogram. Therefore, if "alcohol content" is called up in a specification, water needs to be considered separately in the calculations. NOTE 2 For the purposes of this document, the term “% (m/m)” is used to represent the mass percentage or mass fraction (ω).