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EN 1998-2 is intended to be applied to the design of new bridges in seismic regions. It covers the design of reinforced concrete, steel and composite steel-concrete bridges and provides guidance for the design of timber bridges. EN 1998-2 is applicable to the seismic design of bridges exploiting ductility in structural members or through the use of antiseismic devices. When ductility is exploited, this part primarily covers bridges in which the horizontal seismic actions are mainly resisted through bending of the piers or at the abutments; i.e. of bridges composed of vertical or nearly vertical pier systems supporting the traffic deck superstructure. It is also applicable to the seismic design of arched bridges, although its provisions should not be considered as fully covering these cases. Suspension bridges and masonry bridges, moveable bridges and floating bridges are not included in the scope of EN 1998-2.

1.1 Scope of EN 1998-5

(1) This document establishes general principles for the design and assessment of geotechnical systems in seismic regions. It gives general rules relevant to all families of geotechnical structures, to the design of foundations, retaining structures and underground structures and complements EN 1997-3 for the seismic design situation.

(2) This document contains the basic performance requirements and compliance criteria applicable to geotechnical structures and geotechnical systems in seismic regions.

(3) This document refers to the rules for the representation of seismic actions and the description of the seismic design situations defined in EN 1998-1-1 and provides specific definition of the seismic action applicable to geotechnical structures.

1.2 Assumptions

(1) The assumptions of EN 1990 apply to this document.

This standard specifies the measurement of settlement of geotechnical structures/works or structures influenced by geotechnical works by means of hydraulic settlement systems. General rules of performance monitoring of the ground, or structures interacting with the ground, of geotechnical fills and of geotechnical works are presented in ISO 18674-1:2015.

This document is applicable to:

— monitoring of settlement acting onto, or within, geotechnical structures such as embankments, excavations, compensation grouting, tunnel lining, railways, roads and other civil structures;

— checking geotechnical designs and adjustment of construction in connection with the Observational Design procedure; evaluating (subsoil) stability during or after construction.

This document gives guidelines for the implementation of the information management process, in accordance with the requirements of ISO 19650-2.

This part of this European Standard defines performance requirements which are specified as lighting classes for road lighting aiming at the visual needs of road users, and it considers environmental aspects of road lighting. NOTE Installed luminous intensity classes for the restriction of disability glare and control of obtrusive light and installed glare index classes for the restriction of discomfort glare are defined in the informative Annex A. Lighting of pedestrian crossings is discussed in the informative Annex B. Disability glare evaluation for conflict areas (C classes) and pedestrian and pedal cyclists (P classes) is discussed in the informative Annex C.

This European Standard specifies the conventions and mathematical procedures to be adopted in calculating the photometric performance of road lighting installations designed in accordance with the parameters described in EN 13201-2 to ensure that every lighting calculation is based on the same mathematical principles. The design procedure of a lighting installation also requires the knowledge of the parameters involved in the described model, their tolerances and variability. These aspects are not considered in this part of EN 13201 but a procedure to analyse their contribution in the expected results is suggested in EN 13201-4 and it can also be used in the design phase.

This document establishes general principles for the execution, testing and monitoring of Artificial Ground Freezing (AGF) works.

AGF is the process of changing the water in the ground from liquid to solid state in a controlled way by artificial means.

This document is applicable to:

— civil works (tunnels, shafts, retaining walls, plugs, underpinning …)

— environmental works (remediation, cut-off walls, …).

This document does not apply to:

— permafrost

— seasonal frost

— mining applications.