Eurokod, bro

1.1 Scope of EN 1991-1-8

(1) EN 1991-1-8 gives principles and rules to determine the values of wave and current actions on structures and civil engineering works in the coastal zone, i.e. works connected to, or in close vicinity to the shore.

NOTE 1 Provisions in EN 1991-1-8 are limited to hydrodynamic actions that can be directly quantified in terms of wave and/or current induced pressures and associated forces and moments on structures or structural parts.

NOTE 2 As opposed to offshore conditions, waves or currents in the coastal zone are generally affected by the presence of the seabed or shore.

NOTE 3 The coastal zone is typically defined as the area between the shoreline and the deep-water limit.

(2) EN 1991-1-8 describes the principles for defining the hydrodynamic conditions to be used for design, including sea water levels. (3) EN 1991-1-8 addresses specifically actions from currents and waves on the following structure types:

— cylindrical structures;

— subsea pipelines;

— suspended decks;

— vertical face structures;

— permanently moored floating structures.

NOTE 1 Additional guidance can be needed for:

— moored structures in the coastal zone for renewable energy production or related to oil and gas production or processing;

— moored structures spanning areas with variable wave and current states (e.g. floating aquaculture farms or floating bridges).

NOTE 2 For hydraulic pressures caused by quasi-static water levels, and ground water, see EN 1997 (all parts).

(4) Actions addressed in EN 1991-1-8 do not cover:

— hydraulic resonance in sheltered areas or basins (phenomena also known as harbour resonance);

— translation waves, e.g. tsunamis;

— waves and currents induced by maritime operations, i.e. vessel wake, berthing and mooring;

— hydrodynamic actions induced by earthquakes;

— ice-induced pressures and forces;

— coastal structures where flood risk and/or erosion or sediment management is the dominant function.

1.2 Assumptions

(1) The assumptions given in EN 1990 apply to this document.

(2) In addition, it is assumed that actions from waves and currents on coastal structures are determined by personnel appropriately qualified and experienced in the following fields:

a) physical coastal environment including physics of waves and currents, statistical properties and propagation of such;

b) marine hydrodynamics, wave and current interaction with structures in general and wave and current actions on structures in the coastal zone including i) fixed structures, and ii) floating structures;

c) advanced methods including probabilistic methodology and physical model testing.

1.1 Scope of prEN 1991-1-6

(1) prEN 1991-1-6 provides guidance and general rules on the determination of actions relevant for the design of buildings and civil engineering works, including geotechnical structures, for their execution stage.

NOTE Actions for design during execution include those that only arise from execution activities and act during execution, termed construction actions (for example personnel and hand tools, auxiliary structures, equipment and elements used during execution), and others that are present during the service life of the completed structure (for example self-weight, wind, etc.) but which can act differently and/or have different values during execution.

(2) prEN 1991-1-6 provides guidance and general rules for the determination of actions for the design of auxiliary structures, elements and equipment used during execution in case they are designed to the Eurocodes and not to other European Standards.

NOTE Other European Standards (e.g. EN 12810, EN 12811, EN 12812) provide specific rules for certain types of auxiliary structures, equipment and elements used during execution.

(3) prEN 1991-1-6 gives rules for buildings and bridges during execution to supplement the provisions in EN 1990.

NOTE For combination rules for execution, see EN 1990.

1.2 Assumptions

(1) The general assumptions given in EN 1990 apply.

(2) The application of this document follows the limit state principle and is based on the partial factor method, unless explicitly prescribed differently.

(3) The verification of buildings and civil engineering structures in transient design situations is undertaken in accordance with the Eurocodes, accounting for the interaction with any auxiliary structures, elements and/or equipment.

(4) When using European product standards covering auxiliary structures, equipment and elements used during execution, it is assumed that the design basis, design requirements and, if provided, the safety and operational design limits specified in these product standards are taken into account.

(5) Adequate planning, documentation, communication, control and supervision are provided during execution, involving all relevant parties. NOTE Execution of a structure can involve interaction between several parties from diverse engineering fields, responsible for the design, fabrication, transportation and execution of different subsystems used during the execution of a structure.

1.1 Scope of EN 1991-3

(1) EN 1991-3 defines actions imposed by cranes and other machines including dynamic effects, if relevant, for the structural design of crane or machine supporting structures.

(2) EN 1991-3 provides guidance on crane classification in terms of dynamic factors and fatigue actions.

(3) EN 1991-3 applies to supporting structures of

— bridge cranes, gantry cranes and wall cranes travelling on fixed runways;

— fixed machines that cause a harmonic dynamic loading on fixed supporting structures.

(4) The principles provided in EN 1991-3 can be applied also to determine actions on supporting structures of cranes other than those referred to in (3).

(5) EN 1991-3 does not provide partial factors for actions.

NOTE For partial factors for actions, see EN 1990-1:2023+A1:2026, Clause A.5.

(6) EN 1991-3 does not provide actions or provisions for the design of cranes and machines.

1.2 Assumptions

(1) The general assumptions of EN 1990-1 apply.

(2) The design of structures supporting cranes or machines is undertaken using information on actions provided by the manufacturer of the crane or machine.

1.1 Scope of EN 1991-1-4

(1) This document gives rules for the determination of natural wind actions for the structural design of building and civil engineering works for each of the loaded areas under consideration. This includes actions applied to the whole structure or parts of it, as well as wind-exposed elements attached to the structure.

(2) This document is applicable to:

- buildings and other civil engineering works with heights up to 200 m;

- guyed masts, other open lattice structures and chimneys with heights up to 300 m;

- bridges having no span greater than 200 m.

(3) The rules contained in this document allow the evaluation of characteristic wind actions on land-based structures.

(4) This document is applicable to offshore coastal structures.

NOTE Additional or amended provisions can be necessary.

(5) This document does not give guidance on non-synoptic winds (e.g. thunderstorms, downbursts, microbursts, tornadoes, etc.), mixed wind climates, nor does it give guidance on how to account for local effects (e.g. thermal effects, funnelling, strong arctic thermal surface inversion, etc.).

(6) This document addresses simplified procedures for dynamic effects, mostly based on the assumption of a dominant single-mode response (see Annex E, Annex F and Annex G). General criteria for performing a full dynamic analysis under aerodynamic excitation are not treated in this document.

(7) Wind pressure effects of passing vehicles are outside the scope of this document.

NOTE See EN 1991 2 for wind effects from passing trains.

8) This document also provides guidance on wind tunnel testing and numerical modelling which can be needed or desirable when the shape or structural behaviour are unusual or do not strictly fall within the rules of the document, or in cases of unusual orography or other surroundings.

1.2 Assumptions (1) The assumptions given in EN 1990-1:2023+A1:2026, 1.2 apply.

1.1 Scope of EN 1995-2

(1) This document gives design rules for the structural parts of bridges, i.e. structural members of importance for the reliability of the whole bridge or major parts of it, made of timber or other wood-based materials, either singly or compositely with concrete, steel or other materials.

(2) Prestressed timber-concrete composite (TCC) members are not covered by this document. The design of stress-laminated timber decks used as part of a TCC system is covered.

(3) Systems which rely on friction between wood and concrete are not covered by this document.

1.2 Assumptions

(1) The assumptions of EN 1990‑1 apply to this document.

(2) It is assumed that the requirements for execution given in EN 1995‑3 are complied with.

1.1 Scope of EN 1990-1

(1) This document establishes principles and requirements for the safety, serviceability, robustness and durability of structures, including geotechnical structures, appropriate to the consequences of failure.

(2) This document is also applicable for existing structures as specified in EN 1990-2.

(3) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with the other Eurocodes for the design of buildings and civil engineering works, including temporary structures.

(4) This document describes the basis for structural and geotechnical verification according to the limit state principle.

(5) The verification methods in this document are based primarily on the partial factor method.

NOTE 1 Alternative methods are given in the other Eurocodes for specific applications.

NOTE 2 The Annexes to this document also provide general guidance concerning the use of alternative methods. deleted text

(6) This document is also applicable for the design of structures where materials or actions outside the scope of EN 1991 (all parts) to EN 1999 (all parts) are involved.

NOTE In this case, additional or amended provisions can be necessary.

1.2 Assumptions

(1) It is assumed that reasonable skill and care appropriate to the circumstances is exercised in the design, based on the knowledge and good practice generally available at the time the structure is designed.

(2) It is assumed that the design of the structure is made by appropriately qualified and experienced personnel.

(3) The design rules provided in the Eurocodes assume that:

- execution will be carried out by personnel having appropriate skill and experience;

- adequate control and supervision will be provided during design and execution of the works, whether in factories, plants, or on site;

- construction materials and products for new structures or new structural members will be used in accordance with the Eurocodes, the relevant product and execution standards, and project specifications;

- the structure will be adequately inspected and maintained;

- the structure will be used in accordance with the assumptions.

NOTE Guidance on management measures to satisfy the assumptions for design, verification and execution is given in Annex B.

1.1 Scope of EN 1990‑2

(1) This document provides provisions to cover the assessment of existing structures, including geotechnical structures, and the general principles for interventions.

NOTE This document is based on the general requirements and principles of structural reliability provided in EN 1990.

(2) This document covers general principles regarding actions for assessment, complementing EN 1991 (all parts) for existing structures.

(3) This document does not provide:

— specific rules for initiation of assessment;

— specific rules on how to undertake interventions that can be carried out as a result of an assessment;

— material-specific technical provisions for existing structures;

— provisions for seismic assessment and seismic retrofitting of existing structures.

NOTE For provisions for seismic assessment and retrofitting of existing structures, see EN 1998-3.

1.2 Assumptions

(1) It is assumed that reasonable skill and care appropriate to the circumstances is exercised in the assessment of existing structures, based on the knowledge and good practice generally available at the time the structure has been assessed.

(2) It is assumed that the assessment of the structure is made by appropriately qualified and experienced personnel.

(3) The assessment rules provided in the Eurocodes assume that:

— adequate control and supervision are provided during assessment;

— execution of interventions, including rehabilitation, is carried out by personnel having appropriate skill and experience;

— construction material and products parameters are assessed according to appropriate methods relevant to assessment in the other Eurocodes or in EN 1990-1:2023+A1:2026, Annex D. Annex B.

NOTE Guidance on management measures to satisfy the assumptions for assessment and execution of interventions is given in Annex B.

EN 1994-2 gives design rules for steel-concrete composite bridges or members of bridges, supplementary to the general rules given in EN 1994-1-1.

1.1 Scope of EN 1994-1-1 (1) EN 1994-1-1 gives general rules for the design of steel and concrete composite structures and supplementary provisions specific for buildings. NOTE Specific rules for bridges are given in EN 1994-2. 1.2 Assumptions (1) The assumptions of EN 1990-1 apply to EN 1994-1-1. (2) In addition to the general assumptions of EN 1990-1, the assumptions given in EN 1992-1-1, EN 1992-1-2, and EN 1993-1-1 apply to this document. (3) EN 1994-1-1 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990-1, EN 1991 (all parts), EN 1992-1-1, EN 1993 (all parts), EN 1997 (all parts), EN 1998 (all parts when steel and concrete composite structures are built in seismic regions), EN 1090-1, EN 1090-2, EN 1090-4, EN 13670 and ENs for construction products relevant to steel and concrete composite structures.