Eurokod 0 och 1, Grundläggande dimensioneringsregler och laster

1.1 Scope of EN 1991 1 2

(1) The methods given in this Eurocode are applicable to buildings and civil engineering works, with a fire load related to the building and its occupancy.

(2) EN 1991 1 2 deals with thermal and mechanical actions on structures exposed to fire. It is intended to be used in conjunction with the fire design Parts of EN 1992 to EN 1996 and EN 1999 which give rules for designing structures for fire resistance.

(3) EN 1991 1 2 contains thermal actions either nominal or physically based. More data and models for physically based thermal actions are given in annexes.

(4) EN 1991 1 2 does not cover the assessment of the damage of a structure after a fire.

(5) EN 1991 1 2 does not cover supplementary requirements concerning, for example:

- the possible installation and maintenance of sprinkler systems;

- conditions on occupancy of building or fire compartment;

- the use of approved insulation and coating materials, including their maintenance.

1.2 Assumptions

(1) In addition to the general assumptions of EN 1990 the following assumptions apply:

- the choice of the relevant design fire scenario is made by appropriate qualified and experienced personnel, or is given by the relevant national regulation;

- any fire protection measure taken into account in the design will be adequately maintained. 

(1) This document defines imposed loads (models and representative values) associated with road traffic, pedestrian actions and rail traffic which include, when relevant, dynamic effects and centrifugal, braking and acceleration actions and actions for accidental design situations.

(2) The imposed loads defined in this document are applicable for the design of new bridges, including decks, piers, abutments and associated walls (e.g. upstand walls, wing walls and flank walls) and their foundations. These imposed loads can also be used for the design of other structures subject to traffic loads (e.g. road tunnel floor slabs, noise barriers and their foundations). Where appropriate, the loads can also be considered as a basis for assessment or modification of existing structures in combination with complementary conditions if necessary.

(3) The load models and values given in this document are also applicable for the design of retaining walls adjacent to roads and railway lines and the design of earthworks subject to road or rail traffic actions. This document also provides applicability conditions for specific load models.

(4) This document is intended to be used with EN 1990, the other parts of the EN 1991 series and the EN 1992 series to EN 1999 series for the design of structures. 

1.1 Scope of EN 1991-1-8

(1) EN 1991-1-8 gives principles and rules to determine the values of wave and current actions on structures and civil engineering works in the coastal zone, i.e. works connected to, or in close vicinity to the shore.

NOTE 1 Provisions in EN 1991-1-8 are limited to hydrodynamic actions that can be directly quantified in terms of wave and/or current induced pressures and associated forces and moments on structures or structural parts.

NOTE 2 As opposed to offshore conditions, waves or currents in the coastal zone are generally affected by the presence of the seabed or shore.

NOTE 3 The coastal zone is typically defined as the area between the shoreline and the deep-water limit.

(2) EN 1991-1-8 describes the principles for defining the hydrodynamic conditions to be used for design, including sea water levels. (3) EN 1991-1-8 addresses specifically actions from currents and waves on the following structure types:

— cylindrical structures;

— subsea pipelines;

— suspended decks;

— vertical face structures;

— permanently moored floating structures.

NOTE 1 Additional guidance can be needed for:

— moored structures in the coastal zone for renewable energy production or related to oil and gas production or processing;

— moored structures spanning areas with variable wave and current states (e.g. floating aquaculture farms or floating bridges).

NOTE 2 For hydraulic pressures caused by quasi-static water levels, and ground water, see EN 1997 (all parts).

(4) Actions addressed in EN 1991-1-8 do not cover:

— hydraulic resonance in sheltered areas or basins (phenomena also known as harbour resonance);

— translation waves, e.g. tsunamis;

— waves and currents induced by maritime operations, i.e. vessel wake, berthing and mooring;

— hydrodynamic actions induced by earthquakes;

— ice-induced pressures and forces;

— coastal structures where flood risk and/or erosion or sediment management is the dominant function.

1.2 Assumptions

(1) The assumptions given in EN 1990 apply to this document.

(2) In addition, it is assumed that actions from waves and currents on coastal structures are determined by personnel appropriately qualified and experienced in the following fields:

a) physical coastal environment including physics of waves and currents, statistical properties and propagation of such;

b) marine hydrodynamics, wave and current interaction with structures in general and wave and current actions on structures in the coastal zone including i) fixed structures, and ii) floating structures;

c) advanced methods including probabilistic methodology and physical model testing.

1.1 Scope of prEN 1991-1-6

(1) prEN 1991-1-6 provides guidance and general rules on the determination of actions relevant for the design of buildings and civil engineering works, including geotechnical structures, for their execution stage.

NOTE Actions for design during execution include those that only arise from execution activities and act during execution, termed construction actions (for example personnel and hand tools, auxiliary structures, equipment and elements used during execution), and others that are present during the service life of the completed structure (for example self-weight, wind, etc.) but which can act differently and/or have different values during execution.

(2) prEN 1991-1-6 provides guidance and general rules for the determination of actions for the design of auxiliary structures, elements and equipment used during execution in case they are designed to the Eurocodes and not to other European Standards.

NOTE Other European Standards (e.g. EN 12810, EN 12811, EN 12812) provide specific rules for certain types of auxiliary structures, equipment and elements used during execution.

(3) prEN 1991-1-6 gives rules for buildings and bridges during execution to supplement the provisions in EN 1990.

NOTE For combination rules for execution, see EN 1990.

1.2 Assumptions

(1) The general assumptions given in EN 1990 apply.

(2) The application of this document follows the limit state principle and is based on the partial factor method, unless explicitly prescribed differently.

(3) The verification of buildings and civil engineering structures in transient design situations is undertaken in accordance with the Eurocodes, accounting for the interaction with any auxiliary structures, elements and/or equipment.

(4) When using European product standards covering auxiliary structures, equipment and elements used during execution, it is assumed that the design basis, design requirements and, if provided, the safety and operational design limits specified in these product standards are taken into account.

(5) Adequate planning, documentation, communication, control and supervision are provided during execution, involving all relevant parties. NOTE Execution of a structure can involve interaction between several parties from diverse engineering fields, responsible for the design, fabrication, transportation and execution of different subsystems used during the execution of a structure.

1.1 Scope of EN 1991-3

(1) EN 1991-3 defines actions imposed by cranes and other machines including dynamic effects, if relevant, for the structural design of crane or machine supporting structures.

(2) EN 1991-3 provides guidance on crane classification in terms of dynamic factors and fatigue actions.

(3) EN 1991-3 applies to supporting structures of

— bridge cranes, gantry cranes and wall cranes travelling on fixed runways;

— fixed machines that cause a harmonic dynamic loading on fixed supporting structures.

(4) The principles provided in EN 1991-3 can be applied also to determine actions on supporting structures of cranes other than those referred to in (3).

(5) EN 1991-3 does not provide partial factors for actions.

NOTE For partial factors for actions, see EN 1990-1:2023+A1:2026, Clause A.5.

(6) EN 1991-3 does not provide actions or provisions for the design of cranes and machines.

1.2 Assumptions

(1) The general assumptions of EN 1990-1 apply.

(2) The design of structures supporting cranes or machines is undertaken using information on actions provided by the manufacturer of the crane or machine.

1.1 Scope of EN 1991-4

(1) This document provides rules for calculating actions for the structural design of silos and tanks.

NOTE 1 Silos are used for the storage of particulate solids. Tanks are used for the storage of liquids.

NOTE 2 For limitations on rules for silos given in this document, see 1.3.

NOTE 3 For limitations on rules for tanks given in this document, see 1.4.

(2) This document includes some provisions for actions on silo and tank structures that are not only associated with the stored particulate solids or liquids (e.g. the effects of thermal differentials) but substantially affected by them.

NOTE Liquid loads on tanks are very precisely defined. Many loads on silos are not known with great precision. This document provides guidance for many practical situations for which very limited certain knowledge is available, and the information is derived from the limited experimental and analytical information available, coupled with conclusions drawn from failure investigations. The information is not based on a sound statistical treatment of experimental data.

(3) This document is intended for use with concrete, steel, aluminium, timber and FRP storage structures.

NOTE FRP is the standard acronym for fibre reinforced polymer materials.

(4) This document is also applicable for the structural assessment of existing silos and tanks, unless otherwise specified by the relevant authority or, if not specified, agreed between the relevant parties for the specific project.

NOTE 1 Changes in filling or discharge arrangements, changes in the wall friction of inner surfaces, or in the use of the silo, including storage of different particulate solids, can be reasons for assessing existing silos.

NOTE 2 Differentiation of the liquid stored can be a reason for assessing existing tanks.

1.2 Assumptions

(1) The assumptions of EN 1990-1 apply.

(2) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990-1, with the other parts of EN 1991, EN 1992, EN 1993, EN 1995, EN 1997, EN 1998 and EN 1999 where relevant to the design of silos and tanks.