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1.1 Scope of EN 1998-1-1

(1) This document is applicable to the design and verification of buildings and other structures for earthquake resistance. It gives general rules relevant to all types of structures, except for structures belonging to consequence classes CC0 or CC4.

NOTE For further details on consequence class CC4, see 4.2.

(2) This document provides basic performance requirements and compliance criteria applicable to buildings and other structures for earthquake resistance.

(3) This document gives rules for the representation of seismic actions and the description of the design seismic situations. NOTE Certain types of structures, dealt with in other parts of Eurocode 8, need supplementary rules which are given in those relevant Parts.

(4) This document contains general methods for structural analysis and verification under seismic actions, including base-isolated structures and structures with distributed dissipative systems.

(5) This document contains rules for modelling and verification of ultimate strengths and deformations.

1.2 Assumptions

(1) The assumptions of EN 1990 apply to this document.

(2) It is assumed that no change in the structure and in the masses carried by the structure takes place during the construction phase or during the subsequent life of the structure with respect to the design unless proper justification and verification is provided. This applies also to ancillary elements (see 3.1.2). Due to the specific nature of seismic response, this applies even in the case of changes that lead to an increase of the structural resistance.

(3) The design documents are assumed to indicate the geometry, the detailing, and the properties of the materials of all structural members. If appropriate, the design documents are also assumed to include the properties of special devices to be used and the distances between structural and ancillary elements. The necessary quality control provisions are assumed to be specified.

(4) Members of special structural importance requiring special checking during construction are assumed to be identified in the design documents and the verification methods to be used are assumed to be specified.

4(5) It is assumed that in the case of high seismic action class (4.1.1(4)), formal quality system plans, covering design, construction, and use, additional to the control procedures prescribed in the other relevant Eurocodes, are specified.

1.1 Scope of EN 1998-5

(1) This document establishes general principles for the design and assessment of geotechnical systems in seismic regions. It gives general rules relevant to all families of geotechnical structures, to the design of foundations, retaining structures and underground structures and complements EN 1997-3 for the seismic design situation.

(2) This document contains the basic performance requirements and compliance criteria applicable to geotechnical structures and geotechnical systems in seismic regions.

(3) This document refers to the rules for the representation of seismic actions and the description of the seismic design situations defined in EN 1998-1-1 and provides specific definition of the seismic action applicable to geotechnical structures.

1.2 Assumptions

(1) The assumptions of EN 1990 apply to this document.

1.1 Scope of FprEN 1993-1-8 (1) FprEN 1993-1-8 provides rules for structural design of joints subject to predominantly static loading using all steel grades from S235 up to and including S700, unless otherwise stated in individual clauses. NOTE As an alternative to the design rules provided in Clause 9, the design rules given in CEN/TR 1993-1-801 "Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1 801: Hollow section joints design according to the component method" can be used. (2) The provisions in this document apply to steels complying with the requirements given in EN 1993 1 1 and to material thickness greater than or equal to 3 mm, unless otherwise stated in individual clauses. 1.2 Assumptions (1) Unless specifically stated, EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts) and the other relevant parts of EN 1993-1 (all parts) apply. (2) The design methods given in FprEN 1993-1-8 are applicable if: - the execution quality is as specified in EN 1090-2, and - the construction materials and products used are as specified in the relevant parts of EN 1993 (all parts), or in the relevant material and product specifications.

(1) The basis for the design of building and civil engineering works in masonry is given in this Part 1-1 of EN 1996, which deals with unreinforced masonry, reinforced masonry and confined masonry. Principles for the design of prestressed masonry are also given. This Part 1-1 of EN 1996 is not valid for masonry elements with a plan area of less than 0,04 m2. (2) For those types of structures not covered entirely, for new structural uses for established materials, for new materials, or where actions and other influences outside normal experience have to be resisted, the provisions given in this Part 1-1 of EN 1996 may be applicable, but may need to be supplemented. (3) Part 1-1 of EN 1996 gives detailed rules which are mainly applicable to ordinary buildings. The applicability of these rules may be limited, for practical reasons or due to simplifications; any limits of applicability are given in the text where necessary. (4) Part 1-1 of EN 1996 does not cover: - resistance to fire (which is dealt with in EN 1996-1-2); - particular aspects of special types of building (for example, dynamic effects on tall buildings); - particular aspects of special types of civil engineering works (such as masonry bridges, dams, chimneys or liquid-retaining structures); - particular aspects of special types of structures (such as arches or domes); - masonry where gypsum, with or without cement, mortars are used; - masonry where the units are not laid in a regular pattern of courses (rubble masonry); - masonry reinforced with other materials than steel.

(1) EN 1991-1-1 gives rules on the following aspects related to actions, which are relevant to the structural design of buildings and civil engineering works including some geotechnical aspects:

- specific weight of construction materials and stored materials;

- self-weight of construction works;

- imposed loads for buildings.

(2) Mean values for specific weight of specific construction materials, additional materials for bridges, stored materials and products are given. In addition, for specific materials and products the angle of repose is provided.

(3) Methods for the assessment of the characteristic values of self-weight of construction works are given.

(4) Characteristic values of imposed loads are given for the following areas in buildings according to the category of use:

- residential, social, commercial and administration areas;

- areas for archive, storage and industrial activities;

- garage and vehicle traffic areas (excluding bridges);

- roofs; - stairs and landings;

- terraces and balconies.

NOTE The loads on traffic areas given in this standard refer to vehicles up to a gross vehicle weight of 160 kN. Further information can be obtained from EN 1991-2.

(5) Characteristic values of horizontal imposed loads on parapets and partition walls acting as barriers are provided.

NOTE Forces due to vehicle impact are specified in EN 1991-1-7 and EN 1991-2. 1.2

Assumptions

(1) The general assumptions of EN 1990 apply.

(2) EN 1991-1-1 is intended to be used with EN 1990, the other parts of EN 1991 and the other Eurocode parts for the design of structures.

1.1 Scope of EN 1991-1-3

(1) EN 1991-1-3 gives principles and rules to determine the values of loads due to snow to be used for the structural design of buildings and civil engineering works.

(2) This document does not apply to sites at altitudes above 1 500 m, unless otherwise specified.

NOTE For rules for the treatment of snow loads for altitudes above 1 500 m, see 6.1.

(3) This document does not give guidance on specialist aspects of snow loading, for example:

- impact snow loads resulting from snow sliding off or falling from a higher roof;

- changes in shape or size of the construction works due to the presence of snow or the accretion of ice which could affect the wind action;

- loads in areas where snow is present all year round;

- lateral loading due to snow creep (e.g. lateral loads exerted by drifts);

- loads due to artificial snow.

1.2 Assumptions

The assumptions given in EN 1990:2023, 1.2 apply.

1.1 Scope of EN 1991-1-5

(1) EN 1991-1-5 gives principles and rules for calculating thermal actions on buildings, bridges and other structures including their structural members. Principles needed for cladding and other attachments of buildings are also provided.

(2) This document describes the changes in the temperature of structural members. Characteristic values of thermal actions are presented for use in the design of structures which are exposed to daily and seasonal climatic changes.

(3) This document also gives principles for changes in the temperature of structural members due to the paving of hot asphalt on bridge decks.

(4) This document also provides principles and rules for thermal actions acting in structures which are mainly a function of their use (e.g. cooling towers, silos, tanks, warm and cold storage facilities, hot and cold services, etc.).

NOTE Supplementary guidance for thermal actions on chimneys is provided in EN 13084-1.

1.2 Assumptions

(1) The assumptions given in EN 1990:2023, 1.2 apply.

(2) EN 1991 1 5 is intended to be used with EN 1990, the other parts of EN 1991 and EN 1992 (all parts) to EN 1999 (all parts) for the design of structures.

(1) EN 1991-1-7 provides actions and rules for safeguarding buildings and civil engineering works against identifiable accidental actions.

NOTE 1 Identifiable accidental actions include impact from vehicles and internal explosions.

NOTE 2 Rules on impact from vehicles travelling on a bridge deck are given in EN 1991-2.

(2) EN 1991-1-7 also covers: actions and rules for tying systems and key members; information on risk assessment; dynamic design for impact; actions for internal explosions; actions from debris.

(3) Actions from ship operations such as berthing and mooring are outside the scope of this document.

(4) Actions due to high explosives that detonate are outside the scope of this document.

1.1 Scope of EN 1991-1-9

(1) EN 1991 1 9 gives principles and rules to determine the values of loads due to atmospheric icing to be used for following types of structures:

- masts;

- towers;

- antennas and antenna structures;

- cables, stays, guy ropes and similar structures;

- rope ways (cable railways);

- structures for ski-lifts;

- buildings or parts of them exposed to potential icing;

- special types of structures, such as towers for transmission lines and wind turbines.

NOTE Atmospheric icing on electrical overhead lines is covered by EN 50341-1.

(2) EN 1991-1-9 specifies values for:

- dimensions and weight of accreted ice;

- shapes of accreted ice. (3) EN 1991-1-9 covers types of icing, ice loads acting on structures, and falling ice considerations.

NOTE For wind actions on iced structures, see EN 1991-1-4.

1.2 Assumptions

The assumptions given in EN 1990:2023, 1.2 apply. EN 1991-1-9 is intended to be used with EN 1990 (all parts), the other parts of EN 1991 and EN 1992 (all parts) to EN 1999 (all parts) for the design of structures.

1.1 Scope of EN 1993-1-9 (1) EN 1993-1-9 gives design methods for the verification of the fatigue design situation of steel structures. NOTE Steel structures consist of members and their joints. Each member and joint can be represented as a constructional detail or as several of the latter. (2) Design methods other than the stress-based methods, such as the notch strain method or fracture mechanics methods, are not covered by EN 1993-1-9. (3) EN 1993-1-9 only applies to structures made of all grades of structural steels and products within the scope of EN 1993-1 (all parts), in accordance with the provisions noted in the detail category tables or annexes. (4) EN 1993-1-9 only applies to structures where execution conforms to EN 1090-2. NOTE Supplementary execution requirements are indicated in the detail category tables. (5) EN 1993-1-9 applies to structures operating under normal atmospheric conditions and with sufficient corrosion protection and regular maintenance. The effect of seawater corrosion is not covered. (6) EN 1993-1-9 applies to structures with hot dip galvanizing in accordance with the provisions noted in the detail category tables or annexes. (7) Microstructural damage from high temperature (> 150°C) that occurs during the design service life is not covered. (8) EN 1993-1-9 gives guidance of how to consider post-fabrication treatments that are intended to improve the fatigue resistance of constructional details. 1.2 Assumptions (1) Unless specifically stated, EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts) and EN 1993 1 (all parts) apply. (2) The design methods given in EN 1993-1-9 are applicable if: - the execution quality is as specified in EN 1090-2, and - the construction materials and products used are as specified in the relevant parts on EN 1993 (all parts), or in the relevant material and product specifications. (3) The design methods of EN 1993-1-9 are generally derived from fatigue tests on constructional details with large scale specimens that include effects of geometrical and structural imperfections from material production and execution (e.g. the effects of tolerances and residual stresses from welding).

1.1 Scope of FprEN 1992-1-1 (1) This document gives the general basis for the design of structures in plain, reinforced and prestressed concrete made with normal weight, lightweight and heavyweight aggregates. It gives specific rules for buildings, bridges and civil engineering structures, including temporary structures; additional requirements specific to bridges are given in Annex K. The rules are valid under temperature conditions between −40 °C and +100 °C generally. This document complies with the principles and requirements for the safety, serviceability, durability and robustness of structures, the basis of their design and verification that are given in EN 1990. (2) This document is only concerned with the requirements for resistance, serviceability, durability, robustness and fire resistance of concrete structures. Other requirements, e.g. concerning thermal or sound insulation, are not considered. (3) This document does not cover: - resistance to fire (see EN 1992 1 2); - fastenings in concrete (see EN 1992 4); - seismic design (see EN 1998 (all parts)); - particular aspects of special types of civil engineering works (such as dams, pressure vessels); - structures made with no-fines concrete, aerated or cellular concrete, lightweight aggregate concrete with open structure components; - structures containing steel sections considered in design (see EN 1994 (all parts)) for composite steel and concrete structures; - structural parts made of concrete with a smallest value of the upper sieve aggregate size Dlower < 8 mm (or if known Dmax < 8 mm) unless otherwise stated in this Eurocode. 1.2 Assumptions (1) The assumptions of EN 1990 apply to FprEN 1992-1-1. (2) It is assumed that the requirements for execution and workmanship given in EN 13670 are complied with.