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(1) The basis for the design of building and civil engineering works in masonry is given in this Part 1-1 of EN 1996, which deals with unreinforced masonry, reinforced masonry and confined masonry. Principles for the design of prestressed masonry are also given. This Part 1-1 of EN 1996 is not valid for masonry elements with a plan area of less than 0,04 m2. (2) For those types of structures not covered entirely, for new structural uses for established materials, for new materials, or where actions and other influences outside normal experience have to be resisted, the provisions given in this Part 1-1 of EN 1996 may be applicable, but may need to be supplemented. (3) Part 1-1 of EN 1996 gives detailed rules which are mainly applicable to ordinary buildings. The applicability of these rules may be limited, for practical reasons or due to simplifications; any limits of applicability are given in the text where necessary. (4) Part 1-1 of EN 1996 does not cover: - resistance to fire (which is dealt with in EN 1996-1-2); - particular aspects of special types of building (for example, dynamic effects on tall buildings); - particular aspects of special types of civil engineering works (such as masonry bridges, dams, chimneys or liquid-retaining structures); - particular aspects of special types of structures (such as arches or domes); - masonry where gypsum, with or without cement, mortars are used; - masonry where the units are not laid in a regular pattern of courses (rubble masonry); - masonry reinforced with other materials than steel.

(1) EN 1991-1-1 gives rules on the following aspects related to actions, which are relevant to the structural design of buildings and civil engineering works including some geotechnical aspects:

- specific weight of construction materials and stored materials;

- self-weight of construction works;

- imposed loads for buildings.

(2) Mean values for specific weight of specific construction materials, additional materials for bridges, stored materials and products are given. In addition, for specific materials and products the angle of repose is provided.

(3) Methods for the assessment of the characteristic values of self-weight of construction works are given.

(4) Characteristic values of imposed loads are given for the following areas in buildings according to the category of use:

- residential, social, commercial and administration areas;

- areas for archive, storage and industrial activities;

- garage and vehicle traffic areas (excluding bridges);

- roofs; - stairs and landings;

- terraces and balconies.

NOTE The loads on traffic areas given in this standard refer to vehicles up to a gross vehicle weight of 160 kN. Further information can be obtained from EN 1991-2.

(5) Characteristic values of horizontal imposed loads on parapets and partition walls acting as barriers are provided.

NOTE Forces due to vehicle impact are specified in EN 1991-1-7 and EN 1991-2. 1.2

Assumptions

(1) The general assumptions of EN 1990 apply.

(2) EN 1991-1-1 is intended to be used with EN 1990, the other parts of EN 1991 and the other Eurocode parts for the design of structures.

1.1 Scope of EN 1991-1-3

(1) EN 1991-1-3 gives principles and rules to determine the values of loads due to snow to be used for the structural design of buildings and civil engineering works.

(2) This document does not apply to sites at altitudes above 1 500 m, unless otherwise specified.

NOTE For rules for the treatment of snow loads for altitudes above 1 500 m, see 6.1.

(3) This document does not give guidance on specialist aspects of snow loading, for example:

- impact snow loads resulting from snow sliding off or falling from a higher roof;

- changes in shape or size of the construction works due to the presence of snow or the accretion of ice which could affect the wind action;

- loads in areas where snow is present all year round;

- lateral loading due to snow creep (e.g. lateral loads exerted by drifts);

- loads due to artificial snow.

1.2 Assumptions

The assumptions given in EN 1990:2023, 1.2 apply.

1.1 Scope of EN 1991-1-5

(1) EN 1991-1-5 gives principles and rules for calculating thermal actions on buildings, bridges and other structures including their structural members. Principles needed for cladding and other attachments of buildings are also provided.

(2) This document describes the changes in the temperature of structural members. Characteristic values of thermal actions are presented for use in the design of structures which are exposed to daily and seasonal climatic changes.

(3) This document also gives principles for changes in the temperature of structural members due to the paving of hot asphalt on bridge decks.

(4) This document also provides principles and rules for thermal actions acting in structures which are mainly a function of their use (e.g. cooling towers, silos, tanks, warm and cold storage facilities, hot and cold services, etc.).

NOTE Supplementary guidance for thermal actions on chimneys is provided in EN 13084-1.

1.2 Assumptions

(1) The assumptions given in EN 1990:2023, 1.2 apply.

(2) EN 1991 1 5 is intended to be used with EN 1990, the other parts of EN 1991 and EN 1992 (all parts) to EN 1999 (all parts) for the design of structures.

(1) EN 1991-1-7 provides actions and rules for safeguarding buildings and civil engineering works against identifiable accidental actions.

NOTE 1 Identifiable accidental actions include impact from vehicles and internal explosions.

NOTE 2 Rules on impact from vehicles travelling on a bridge deck are given in EN 1991-2.

(2) EN 1991-1-7 also covers: actions and rules for tying systems and key members; information on risk assessment; dynamic design for impact; actions for internal explosions; actions from debris.

(3) Actions from ship operations such as berthing and mooring are outside the scope of this document.

(4) Actions due to high explosives that detonate are outside the scope of this document.

1.1 Scope of EN 1991-1-9

(1) EN 1991 1 9 gives principles and rules to determine the values of loads due to atmospheric icing to be used for following types of structures:

- masts;

- towers;

- antennas and antenna structures;

- cables, stays, guy ropes and similar structures;

- rope ways (cable railways);

- structures for ski-lifts;

- buildings or parts of them exposed to potential icing;

- special types of structures, such as towers for transmission lines and wind turbines.

NOTE Atmospheric icing on electrical overhead lines is covered by EN 50341-1.

(2) EN 1991-1-9 specifies values for:

- dimensions and weight of accreted ice;

- shapes of accreted ice. (3) EN 1991-1-9 covers types of icing, ice loads acting on structures, and falling ice considerations.

NOTE For wind actions on iced structures, see EN 1991-1-4.

1.2 Assumptions

The assumptions given in EN 1990:2023, 1.2 apply. EN 1991-1-9 is intended to be used with EN 1990 (all parts), the other parts of EN 1991 and EN 1992 (all parts) to EN 1999 (all parts) for the design of structures.

1.1 Scope of EN 1993-1-9 (1) EN 1993-1-9 gives design methods for the verification of the fatigue design situation of steel structures. NOTE Steel structures consist of members and their joints. Each member and joint can be represented as a constructional detail or as several of the latter. (2) Design methods other than the stress-based methods, such as the notch strain method or fracture mechanics methods, are not covered by EN 1993-1-9. (3) EN 1993-1-9 only applies to structures made of all grades of structural steels and products within the scope of EN 1993-1 (all parts), in accordance with the provisions noted in the detail category tables or annexes. (4) EN 1993-1-9 only applies to structures where execution conforms to EN 1090-2. NOTE Supplementary execution requirements are indicated in the detail category tables. (5) EN 1993-1-9 applies to structures operating under normal atmospheric conditions and with sufficient corrosion protection and regular maintenance. The effect of seawater corrosion is not covered. (6) EN 1993-1-9 applies to structures with hot dip galvanizing in accordance with the provisions noted in the detail category tables or annexes. (7) Microstructural damage from high temperature (> 150°C) that occurs during the design service life is not covered. (8) EN 1993-1-9 gives guidance of how to consider post-fabrication treatments that are intended to improve the fatigue resistance of constructional details. 1.2 Assumptions (1) Unless specifically stated, EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts) and EN 1993 1 (all parts) apply. (2) The design methods given in EN 1993-1-9 are applicable if: - the execution quality is as specified in EN 1090-2, and - the construction materials and products used are as specified in the relevant parts on EN 1993 (all parts), or in the relevant material and product specifications. (3) The design methods of EN 1993-1-9 are generally derived from fatigue tests on constructional details with large scale specimens that include effects of geometrical and structural imperfections from material production and execution (e.g. the effects of tolerances and residual stresses from welding).

1.1 Scope of FprEN 1992-1-1 (1) This document gives the general basis for the design of structures in plain, reinforced and prestressed concrete made with normal weight, lightweight and heavyweight aggregates. It gives specific rules for buildings, bridges and civil engineering structures, including temporary structures; additional requirements specific to bridges are given in Annex K. The rules are valid under temperature conditions between −40 °C and +100 °C generally. This document complies with the principles and requirements for the safety, serviceability, durability and robustness of structures, the basis of their design and verification that are given in EN 1990. (2) This document is only concerned with the requirements for resistance, serviceability, durability, robustness and fire resistance of concrete structures. Other requirements, e.g. concerning thermal or sound insulation, are not considered. (3) This document does not cover: - resistance to fire (see EN 1992 1 2); - fastenings in concrete (see EN 1992 4); - seismic design (see EN 1998 (all parts)); - particular aspects of special types of civil engineering works (such as dams, pressure vessels); - structures made with no-fines concrete, aerated or cellular concrete, lightweight aggregate concrete with open structure components; - structures containing steel sections considered in design (see EN 1994 (all parts)) for composite steel and concrete structures; - structural parts made of concrete with a smallest value of the upper sieve aggregate size Dlower < 8 mm (or if known Dmax < 8 mm) unless otherwise stated in this Eurocode. 1.2 Assumptions (1) The assumptions of EN 1990 apply to FprEN 1992-1-1. (2) It is assumed that the requirements for execution and workmanship given in EN 13670 are complied with.

1.1 Scope of EN 1991 1 2

(1) The methods given in this Eurocode are applicable to buildings and civil engineering works, with a fire load related to the building and its occupancy.

(2) EN 1991 1 2 deals with thermal and mechanical actions on structures exposed to fire. It is intended to be used in conjunction with the fire design Parts of EN 1992 to EN 1996 and EN 1999 which give rules for designing structures for fire resistance.

(3) EN 1991 1 2 contains thermal actions either nominal or physically based. More data and models for physically based thermal actions are given in annexes.

(4) EN 1991 1 2 does not cover the assessment of the damage of a structure after a fire.

(5) EN 1991 1 2 does not cover supplementary requirements concerning, for example:

- the possible installation and maintenance of sprinkler systems;

- conditions on occupancy of building or fire compartment;

- the use of approved insulation and coating materials, including their maintenance.

1.2 Assumptions

(1) In addition to the general assumptions of EN 1990 the following assumptions apply:

- the choice of the relevant design fire scenario is made by appropriate qualified and experienced personnel, or is given by the relevant national regulation;

- any fire protection measure taken into account in the design will be adequately maintained. 

(1) This document defines imposed loads (models and representative values) associated with road traffic, pedestrian actions and rail traffic which include, when relevant, dynamic effects and centrifugal, braking and acceleration actions and actions for accidental design situations.

(2) The imposed loads defined in this document are applicable for the design of new bridges, including decks, piers, abutments and associated walls (e.g. upstand walls, wing walls and flank walls) and their foundations. These imposed loads can also be used for the design of other structures subject to traffic loads (e.g. road tunnel floor slabs, noise barriers and their foundations). Where appropriate, the loads can also be considered as a basis for assessment or modification of existing structures in combination with complementary conditions if necessary.

(3) The load models and values given in this document are also applicable for the design of retaining walls adjacent to roads and railway lines and the design of earthworks subject to road or rail traffic actions. This document also provides applicability conditions for specific load models.

(4) This document is intended to be used with EN 1990, the other parts of the EN 1991 series and the EN 1992 series to EN 1999 series for the design of structures. 

1.1 Scope of EN 1997‑1

(1) This document provides general rules for the design and vérification of geotechnical structures.

(2) This document is applicable for the design and vérification of geotechnical structures outside the scope of EN 1997‑3.

NOTE In this case, additional or amended provisions can be necessary.

1.2 Assumptions

1) In addition to the assumptions given in EN 1990, the provisions of EN 1997 (all parts) assume that:

— ground investigations are planned by individuals or organisations with knowledge of potential ground and groundwater conditions;

— ground investigations are executed by individuals with appropriate skills and experience;

— the evaluation of test results and derivation of ground properties from the ground investigation are carried out by individuals with appropriate geotechnical experience and qualifications;

— the data required for design are collected, recorded, and interpreted by appropriately qualifiéd and experienced individuals;

— geotechnical structures are designed and vérifiéd by individuals with appropriate qualifications and experience in geotechnical design;

— adequate continuity and communication exist between the individuals involved in data collection, design, vérification and execution.

(2) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990, which establishes principles and requirements for the safety, serviceability, robustness, and durability of structures, including geotechnical structures, and other construction works.

NOTE Additional or amended provisions can be necessary for assessment of existing structures, see EN 1990‑2.

(3) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1997‑2, which gives provisions for determining ground properties from ground investigations.

(4) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1997‑3, which gives spécific rules for the design and vérification of certain types of geotechnical structures.

(5) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with other Eurocodes for the design of geotechnical structures, including temporary geotechnical structures.

1.1 Scope of EN 1997-2

(1) This document provides rules for determining ground properties for the design and verification of geotechnical structures.

(2) This document covers requirements and guidance for planning ground investigations, collecting information about ground properties and groundwater conditions, and preparation of the Ground Model.

(3) This document covers requirements and guidance for the selection of field investigation and laboratory test methods to obtain derived values of ground properties.

(4) This document covers requirements and guidance on the presentation of the results of ground investigation, including derived values of ground properties, in the Ground Investigation Report.

1.2 Assumptions

(1) The provisions in EN 1997-2 are based on the assumptions given in EN 1990 and EN 1997-1.

(2) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1997-1, which provides general rules for design and verification of all geotechnical structures.

(3) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1997-3, which provides specific rules for design and verification of certain types of geotechnical structures.

(4) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1998-1-1 which provides the requirements for the ground properties needed to define the seismic action.

(5) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1998-5 which provides rules for the design of geotechnical structures in seismic regions. 

1.1 Scope of EN 1997-3

(1) This document provides specific rules to be applied in the design and verification of geotechnical structures.

1.2 Assumptions

(1) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990, which establishes principles and requirements for the safety, serviceability, robustness, and durability of structures, including geotechnical structures, and other construction works.

NOTE Additional or amended provisions can be necessary for assessment of existing structures, see prEN 1990-2.

(2) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1997-1, which provides general rules for the design and verification of geotechnical structures.

(3) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1997-2, which gives provisions for determining ground properties from ground investigations.

(4) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with the other Eurocodes for the design of geotechnical structures, including temporary geotechnical structures.