Konstruktionsaspekter

1.1 Scope of EN 1991-1-4

(1) This document gives rules for the determination of natural wind actions for the structural design of building and civil engineering works for each of the loaded areas under consideration. This includes actions applied to the whole structure or parts of it, as well as wind-exposed elements attached to the structure.

(2) This document is applicable to:

- buildings and other civil engineering works with heights up to 200 m;

- guyed masts, other open lattice structures and chimneys with heights up to 300 m;

- bridges having no span greater than 200 m.

(3) The rules contained in this document allow the evaluation of characteristic wind actions on land-based structures.

(4) This document is applicable to offshore coastal structures.

NOTE Additional or amended provisions can be necessary.

(5) This document does not give guidance on non-synoptic winds (e.g. thunderstorms, downbursts, microbursts, tornadoes, etc.), mixed wind climates, nor does it give guidance on how to account for local effects (e.g. thermal effects, funnelling, strong arctic thermal surface inversion, etc.).

(6) This document addresses simplified procedures for dynamic effects, mostly based on the assumption of a dominant single-mode response (see Annex E, Annex F and Annex G). General criteria for performing a full dynamic analysis under aerodynamic excitation are not treated in this document.

(7) Wind pressure effects of passing vehicles are outside the scope of this document.

NOTE See EN 1991 2 for wind effects from passing trains.

8) This document also provides guidance on wind tunnel testing and numerical modelling which can be needed or desirable when the shape or structural behaviour are unusual or do not strictly fall within the rules of the document, or in cases of unusual orography or other surroundings.

1.2 Assumptions (1) The assumptions given in EN 1990-1:2023+A1:2026, 1.2 apply.

1.1 Scope of EN 1990-1

(1) This document establishes principles and requirements for the safety, serviceability, robustness and durability of structures, including geotechnical structures, appropriate to the consequences of failure.

(2) This document is also applicable for existing structures as specified in EN 1990-2.

(3) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with the other Eurocodes for the design of buildings and civil engineering works, including temporary structures.

(4) This document describes the basis for structural and geotechnical verification according to the limit state principle.

(5) The verification methods in this document are based primarily on the partial factor method.

NOTE 1 Alternative methods are given in the other Eurocodes for specific applications.

NOTE 2 The Annexes to this document also provide general guidance concerning the use of alternative methods. deleted text

(6) This document is also applicable for the design of structures where materials or actions outside the scope of EN 1991 (all parts) to EN 1999 (all parts) are involved.

NOTE In this case, additional or amended provisions can be necessary.

1.2 Assumptions

(1) It is assumed that reasonable skill and care appropriate to the circumstances is exercised in the design, based on the knowledge and good practice generally available at the time the structure is designed.

(2) It is assumed that the design of the structure is made by appropriately qualified and experienced personnel.

(3) The design rules provided in the Eurocodes assume that:

- execution will be carried out by personnel having appropriate skill and experience;

- adequate control and supervision will be provided during design and execution of the works, whether in factories, plants, or on site;

- construction materials and products for new structures or new structural members will be used in accordance with the Eurocodes, the relevant product and execution standards, and project specifications;

- the structure will be adequately inspected and maintained;

- the structure will be used in accordance with the assumptions.

NOTE Guidance on management measures to satisfy the assumptions for design, verification and execution is given in Annex B.

1.1 Scope of EN 1990‑2

(1) This document provides provisions to cover the assessment of existing structures, including geotechnical structures, and the general principles for interventions.

NOTE This document is based on the general requirements and principles of structural reliability provided in EN 1990.

(2) This document covers general principles regarding actions for assessment, complementing EN 1991 (all parts) for existing structures.

(3) This document does not provide:

— specific rules for initiation of assessment;

— specific rules on how to undertake interventions that can be carried out as a result of an assessment;

— material-specific technical provisions for existing structures;

— provisions for seismic assessment and seismic retrofitting of existing structures.

NOTE For provisions for seismic assessment and retrofitting of existing structures, see EN 1998-3.

1.2 Assumptions

(1) It is assumed that reasonable skill and care appropriate to the circumstances is exercised in the assessment of existing structures, based on the knowledge and good practice generally available at the time the structure has been assessed.

(2) It is assumed that the assessment of the structure is made by appropriately qualified and experienced personnel.

(3) The assessment rules provided in the Eurocodes assume that:

— adequate control and supervision are provided during assessment;

— execution of interventions, including rehabilitation, is carried out by personnel having appropriate skill and experience;

— construction material and products parameters are assessed according to appropriate methods relevant to assessment in the other Eurocodes or in EN 1990-1:2023+A1:2026, Annex D. Annex B.

NOTE Guidance on management measures to satisfy the assumptions for assessment and execution of interventions is given in Annex B.

1.1 Scope of EN 1998-1-2

(1) This document is applicable to the design and verification of new buildings and temporary structures in seismic regions. It gives specific rules for the design and verification relevant to buildings of consequence classes CC1, CC2 and CC3, as defined in EN 1990-1:2023+A1:2026, 4.3.

NOTE The assessment and retrofitting of existing buildings is covered in EN 1998-3.

(2) Unless specifically stated, EN 1998-1-1 and EN 1998-5 apply.

(3) EN 1998-1-2 is applicable in complement to the other relevant Eurocodes.

NOTE This document contains only those provisions that, in addition to the provisions of the other relevant Eurocodes, are used for the design of new buildings and temporary structures in seismic regions. EN 1998-1-2 complements in this respect the other Eurocodes.

1.2 Assumptions

(1) The assumptions of EN 1998-1-1:2024, 1.2, apply to this document.