Tekniska aspekter

EN 1991-1-4 gives principles and rules for the determination of natural wind actions for the structural design of building and civil engineering works for each of the loaded areas under consideration. This includes the whole structure or parts of the structure or elements attached to the structure, e.g. components, cladding units and their fixings, safety and noise barriers. This part is applicable to: - buildings and civil engineering works with heights up to 300m; - bridges having no span greater than 200m. This part is intended to predict characteristic wind actions on land-based structures, their components and appendages. This part is also applicable to structures less than 1km offshore from the main coastline. For offshore structures more than 1km from the main coastline, the terrain effects defined in this part do not apply.

1.1 Scope of prEN 1991-1-6 (1) prEN 1991-1-6 provides guidance and general rules on the determination of actions relevant for the design of buildings and civil engineering works, including geotechnical structures, for their execution stage.

NOTE Actions for design during execution include those that only arise from execution activities and act during execution, termed construction actions (for example personnel and hand tools, auxiliary structures, equipment and elements used during execution), and others that are present during the service life of the completed structure (for example self-weight, wind, etc.) but which can act differently and/or have different values during execution.

(2) prEN 1991-1-6 provides guidance and general rules for the determination of actions for the design of auxiliary structures, elements and equipment used during execution in case they are designed to the Eurocodes and not to other European Standards.

NOTE Other European Standards (e.g. EN 12810, EN 12811, EN 12812) provide specific rules for certain types of auxiliary structures, equipment and elements used during execution.

(3) prEN 1991-1-6 gives rules for buildings and bridges during execution to supplement the provisions in EN 1990.

NOTE For combination rules for execution, see EN 1990.

1.2 Assumptions

(1) The general assumptions given in EN 1990 apply.

(2) The application of this document follows the limit state principle and is based on the partial factor method, unless explicitly prescribed differently.

(3) The verification of buildings and civil engineering structures in transient design situations is undertaken in accordance with the Eurocodes, accounting for the interaction with any auxiliary structures, elements and/or equipment.

(4) When using European product standards covering auxiliary structures, equipment and elements used during execution, it is assumed that the design basis, design requirements and, if provided, the safety and operational design limits specified in these product standards are taken into account.

(5) Adequate planning, documentation, communication, control and supervision are provided during execution, involving all relevant parties.

NOTE Execution of a structure can involve interaction between several parties from diverse engineering fields, responsible for the design, fabrication, transportation and execution of different subsystems used during the execution of a structure.

(1) EN 1991-1-8 gives principles and rules to determine the values of wave and current actions on structures and civil engineering works in the coastal zone, i.e. works connected or in close vicinity to the shore.

NOTE 1 As opposed to offshore conditions, waves or currents in the coastal zone are substantially affected by the presence of seabed or shore.

NOTE 2 In typical seabed morphology the affected area lies between the shoreline and the deep-water limit.

(2) EN 1991-1-8 describes the principles for defining the design sea conditions, including design water level variability for structures in the coastal area.

NOTE Wave and current conditions vary for different construction sites. It is very important to assess the wave and current conditions at a given site. Assessment procedures for these conditions and for their uncertainties are included in this document.

(3) In EN 1991-1-8 the following structure types are specifically addressed:

— cylindrical structures;

— suspended decks;

— sub sea pipelines;

— breakwaters:

— mound breakwaters;

— vertical face breakwaters;

— composite breakwaters;

— coastal embankments:

— revetments;

— seawalls;

— permanently moored floating structures.

NOTE Additional guidance can be needed for:

— floating platforms in the coastal zone related to oil and gas production or processing;

— floating platforms in the coastal zone for renewable energy production.

(4) EN 1991-1-8 does not fully cover principles for determining actions from waves and currents on:

 port structures like piers, jetties, quay walls, marine terminals in sheltered marine areas;

 installations for mooring and berthing of ships.

(5) For hydraulic pressures on structural envelopes caused by quasi-static water levels, and for under pressures in the ground, see EN 1997 (all parts).

(6) EN 1991-1-8 does not cover:

 tsunamis;

 hydraulic consequences of an accidental breakdown of water actions from retaining structures;

 waves from passing ships;

 currents induced by jets or ship’s propellers;

 coastal structures where flood risk and/or erosion or sediment management is the dominant function. 

(1) EN 1991-3 defines actions imposed by cranes and other machines including dynamic effects, if relevant, for the structural design of crane or machine supporting structures.

(2) EN 1991-3 provides guidance on crane classification in terms of dynamic factors and fatigue actions.

(3) EN 1991-3 applies to supporting structures of − bridge, gantry and wall cranes travelling on fixed runways; − fixed machines that cause a harmonic dynamic loading on fixed supporting structures.

(4) The principles provided in EN 1991-3 can be applied also to determine actions on supporting structures of cranes other than those referred to in (3).

(5) EN 1991-3 does not provide partial factors for actions.

NOTE For partial factors for actions, see Annex A.5 to EN 1990:2023+prA1:2024.

(6) EN 1991-3 does not provide actions or provisions for the design of cranes and machines.

(1) EN 1991-4 provides guidance for calculating actions for the structural design of silos and tanks.

NOTE 1 Silos are used for the storage of particulate solids: tanks are used for the storage of liquids.

NOTE 2 For limitations on rules for silos given in this document, see 1.3.

NOTE 3 For limitations on rules for tanks given in this document, see 1.4.

(2) EN 1991 4 includes some provisions for actions on silo and tank structures that are not only associated with the stored solids or liquids (e.g. the effects of thermal differentials) but substantially affected by them.

NOTE Liquid loads on tanks are very precisely defined. Many loads on silos are not known with great precision. This standard provides guidance for many practical situations for which very limited certain knowledge is available, and the information is derived from the limited experimental and analytical information available, coupled with conclusions drawn from failure investigations. The information is not based on a sound statistical treatment of experimental data.

(3) EN 1991 4 is intended for use with concrete, steel, aluminium, timber and FRP storage structures.

NOTE FRP is the standard acronym for fibre reinforced polymer materials.

(4) EN 1991 4 may be used for the structural assessment of existing construction, in developing the design of repairs and alterations or for assessing changes of use.

NOTE Where the structural appraisal of an existing structure is being considered, reference can be made to the National Annex and to the client concerning the relevance of the current standard.

Modifications to 1.1, Scope of prEN 1990-1

In the title of the Clause, replace EN 1990 with prEN 1990-1.

Add a new paragraph (2), then have the following subclauses automatically renumbered:

“(2) This document is also applicable for existing structures, with the additional provisions given in prEN 1990-2.”

Replace the new paragraph (3) and (4) with:

“(3) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with the other Eurocodes for buildings and civil engineering works, including temporary structures.

(4) This document describes the basis for structural and geotechnical verification according to the limit state principle.”

Delete the old paragraph (5):

“(5) This document is also applicable for:

— structural assessment of existing structures;

— developing the design of repairs, improvements and alterations;

— assessing changes of use.

NOTE Additional or amended provisions can be necessary.”

Replace the paragraph (6) with:

“(6) This document is also applicable for structures where materials or actions outside the scope of EN 1991 (all parts) to EN 1999 (all parts) are involved.

NOTE In this case, additional or amended provisions can be necessary.” 

(1) This document provides provisions for the assessment of existing structures, including geotechnical structures, and the general principles for interventions, to be used in conjunction with prEN 1990-1. NOTE This document is based on the general requirements and principles of structural reliability provided in prEN 1990-1.

(2) Unless otherwise specified, prEN 1990-1 applies.

(3) This document covers general principles regarding actions for assessment, complementing EN 1991 (all parts).

NOTE Provisions for seismic actions due to earthquake are provided in EN 1998-3.

(4) This document does not cover the design of new structural parts that will be integrated into an existing structure.

NOTE For the design of new structural parts, see prEN 1990-1.

(5) This document does not provide:

— specific rules for initiation of assessment;

— specific rules on how to undertake interventions that may be carried out as a result of an assessment;

— material-specific technical provisions for existing structures;

— provisions for seismic assessment and retrofitting of existing structures.

NOTE For provisions for seismic assessment and retrofitting of existing structures, see EN 1998-3.

1.1 Scope of EN 1993-1-11 (1) EN 1993-1-11 provides rules for structural design of tension components made of steel, in addition to other parts of EN 1993, for use in structures made of steel or other materials such as concrete, steel-concrete composite and timber. (2) EN 1993-1-11 covers the resistance, serviceability and durability of steel tension elements. (3) The following items/aspects are outside the scope of EN 1993-1-11: - pre- or post-tensioned systems in accordance with EN 1992-1-1 and EN 1992-2; - reinforcing steel as part of a concrete structure in accordance with EN 1992-1-1; - tension components in piling; - detailed design of terminations. 1.2 Assumptions (1) Unless specifically stated, EN 1990, EN 1991 and the EN 1993-1 series apply. (2) The design methods given in EN 1993-1-11 are applicable if: - execution quality is according to EN 1090-2; and - the construction materials and products used are as specified in the relevant parts of the EN 1993 series, or in the relevant material and product specifications. (3) EN 1993-1-11 is used in conjunction with ENs, EADs and ETAs for tension components.

(1) EN 1993-2 provides a general basis for the structural design of steel bridges and steel parts of composite bridges. It gives provisions that supplement, modify or supersede the equivalent provisions given in the various parts of EN 1993-1. (2) The design criteria for composite bridges are covered in EN 1994-2. (3) The design of high strength cables and related parts are included in EN 1993-1-11. (4) This European Standard is concerned only with the resistance, serviceability and durability of bridge structures. Other aspects of design are not considered. (5) For the execution of steel bridge structures, EN 1090 should be taken into account. NOTE: As long as EN 1090 is not yet available a provisional guidance is given in Annex C. (6) Execution is covered to the extent that is necessary to indicate the quality of the construction materials and products that should be used and the standard of workmanship needed to comply with the assumptions of the design rules. (7) Special requirements of seismic design are not covered. Reference should be made to the requirements given in EN 1998, which complements and modifies the rules of EN 1993-2 specifically for this purpose.

1.1 Scope of EN 1993-4-2 (1) EN 1993-4-2 provides rules for structural design of vertical cylindrical, conical and pedestal above-ground steel tanks for the storage of liquid and liquified gas products. (2) EN 1993-4-2 is applicable to the design for resistance of cylindrical walls and flat bottoms constructed using unstiffened plates. The design of conical and dome roofs as shell structures (unsupported) or as supported on a structural framework (supported) are also covered. (3) EN 1993-4-2 is only applicable to the requirements for resistance and structural stability of steel tanks. (4) EN 1993-4-2 only covers steel tank structures in Tank Groups 1, 2 and 3, as defined in this document. NOTE Tank Group 4 is not defined in this standard (see 3.1.41). (5) This document is applicable to tanks within the following dimensional limits (see EN 1991-4): Tank aspect ratio hS/d < 10 Tank total height hS < 70 m Tank diameter d < 100 m (6) This standard includes suitable rules for the design of tanks intended to store solids suspended in a liquid, where the appropriate global density of the mixture is used. NOTE Tanks used for the separation of mineral particles of different density fall into this category. (7) EN 1993-4-2 does not apply to the following: a) tanks with gross capacity less than 5 m3 (5 000 l); b) dished-end tanks that have a diameter less than 5 m; c) tanks with characteristic internal pressures above the liquid surface greater than 50 kPa (500 mbar) (see pressure equipment directive); d) design metal temperatures outside the ranges defined in Clause 5, with −50 °C being the lowest temperature for the application of this document; e) tanks of rectangular and other non-circular planforms; f) tanks exposed to fire; g) floating roofs and floating covers; h) ancillary structures such as stairways, platforms, nozzles, piping and access doors. (8) This document does not cover a) the special requirements for seismic design of tanks, b) the design of a supporting structure, c) the design of ancillary structures such as stairways, platforms, pipe racks and ladders, d) the design of an aluminium roof structure on a steel tank, e) reinforced concrete foundations for steel tanks, f) the design of a conical hopper, g) the design of a transition junction between the base of a cylindrical shell wall and a conical hopper, h) the design of a supporting ring girder in an elevated tank. 1.2 Assumptions (1) Unless specifically stated, EN 1990, the EN 1991 series and the EN 1993-1 series apply. (2) The design methods given in this document apply if: - the execution quality is as specified in EN 1090-2, and - the construction materials and products used are as specified in the relevant parts of the EN 1993 series, or in the relevant material and product specifications. (3) This standard applies to axisymmetric structures, but includes the effects of unsymmetrical actions (e.g. wind), and unsymmetrically supported tanks (e.g. on discrete supports). (4) EN 1993-4-2 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990, with EN 1991-4, with the other Parts of EN 1991, with EN 1993-1-6 and EN 1993-4-1, with the other Parts of EN 1993, with EN 1992 and with the other Parts of EN 1994 to EN 1999 relevant to the design of tanks. Matters that are already covered in those documents are not repeated. (5) Numerical values for partial factors and other reliability parameters are recommended as basic values that provide an acceptable level of reliability. They have been selected assuming that an appropriate level of workmanship and quality management applies.

EN 1994-1-1 gives basic rules for the design of steel-concrete composite structures and supplementary provisions specific to buildings. NOTE Specific rules for bridges are given in EN 1994-2.

EN 1994-2 gives design rules for steel-concrete composite bridges or members of bridges, supplementary to the general rules given in EN 1994-1-1.

1.1 Scope of EN 1993 4 1 (1) prEN 1993 4 1 provides rules for the structural design of steel silos of circular or rectangular plan-form, being free-standing (on ground) or supported on a structural framework (elevated). (2) prEN 1993 4 1 is applicable to silos constructed from isotropic rolled plates that are stiffened or unstiffened, from corrugated sheeting that is stiffened or unstiffened and from flat or corrugated plates assembled into box structures of different geometries. It applies to vertical walls, hoppers, roof structures, transition junctions and support structures. (3) prEN 1993 4 1 does not apply to storage vessels for silage and haylage, or to the storage of materials that are not free-flowing (see EN 1991 4). This Part 4-1 also does not cover: - resistance to fire; - cylindrical silos with internal subdivisions; - internal structures within a single silo (except for internal ties, as defined in 12.5); - silos with capacity less than 100 kN (10 tonnes); - hoppers that are supported on a structural framework; - cases where special measures are necessary to limit the consequences of accidents. (4) This document is applicable to silos within the following dimensional limits (see EN 1991-4): - Silo aspect ratio hb/dc < 10 - Silo total height hb < 70 m - Silo equivalent diameter dc < 60 m NOTE These dimensional limitations are more limited than those of EN 1991-4 which also applies to silos constructed from other materials. (5) Where this standard applies to circular planform silos, the geometric form is restricted to axisymmetric structures, but unsymmetrical actions on them and supports that induce forces in the silo structure that are not axisymmetric are included. (6) This part is concerned only with the requirements for resistance and stability of steel silos. For other requirements (such as operational safety, functional performance, fabrication and erection, quality control, details like man-holes, flanges, filling devices, outlet gates and feeders, etc.), see other relevant standards and information. (7) This part is concerned with both isolated silo structures and silos that are connected to others to form a battery of silos, but throughout this document the term silo refers to a single cell within a battery. (8) Provisions relating to special requirements of seismic design are provided in EN 1998 4, which complements or adapts the provisions of Eurocode 3 specifically for this purpose. (9) The structural design of supporting structures for the silo are dealt with in EN 1993 1 1. The supporting structure is deemed to consist of all structural elements beneath the bottom flange of the lowest ring of the silo (see Figure 1.1), though information on some forms of support structure is given in Clause 8 of this document. (10) Foundations in reinforced concrete for steel silos are dealt with in EN 1992 (all parts) and EN 1997 (all parts). 1.2 Assumptions (1) Unless specifically stated, the provisions of EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts) and EN 1993 1 (all parts) apply. (2) The design methods given in EN 1993 4 1 are applicable if: - the execution quality is as specified in EN 1090 2, and - the construction materials and products used are as specified in the relevant parts of EN 1993 (all parts), or in the relevant material and product specifications. Figure 1.1 - Terminology used in silo structures ...

1.1 Scope of prEN 1993-6 (1) EN 1993-6 provides rules for structural design of crane supporting structures. (2) EN 1993-6 is applicable to crane supporting structures, especially to indoor and outdoor overhead crane runway beams, of: a) overhead travelling cranes, either: - top-mounted cranes; - underslung cranes; b) monorail hoist blocks. NOTE The principles of the design rules can be applied to supporting structures of other types of cranes making due allowance for differences in the crane-induced actions, if exist. For example, the design rules for supporting structures of the cranes listed in (2) assume that the horizontal crane loads occur randomly scattered along the runways in general. This assumption does not apply to other cranes such as travelling wall jib cranes. (3) EN 1993-6 does not apply to the tracks and suspensions of light crane systems conforming with EN 16851, see Figure 1.1. NOTE The standardized tracks and suspensions of light crane systems are considered as parts of the crane. Figure 1.1 - Light crane system (4) Additional rules are given for ancillary runway items including crane rails, structural end stops, surge connectors and surge girders and for runway supporting structures. (5) EN 1993 6 does not apply to cranes and all other moving parts. NOTE Provisions for cranes are given in EN 13001 series. 1.2 Assumptions (1) Unless specifically stated, EN 1990, EN 1991 and the EN 1993-1 series apply. (2) The design methods given in EN 1993-6 are applicable if - the execution quality and tolerances are as specified in EN 1090-2, and; - the construction materials and products used are as specified in the relevant parts of EN 1993, or in the relevant material and product specifications. (3) Following interfaces between hoisting device and its supporting structure are assumed: a) the top of crane rail for top-mounted cranes; b) the top of flange on which the crane or hoist block operates for underslung cranes and monorail hoist blocks; c) the support points as shown in Figure 1.1 for light crane systems.

(1) This document provides rules for structural design of towers, masts and chimney structures, that fall into any of the following classifications, with the exceptions given in (3), (4) and (5). (2) This document is applicable to: a) self-supporting towers and guyed masts with or without attachments. The shafts of towers and masts can be of lattice type or of circular or polygonal cross-section. b) chimney structures of circular cross-section that are cantilevered, supported at intermediate levels or guyed. NOTE 1 The structures are mainly exposed to wind loading. NOTE 2 For overhead transmission line towers see also the EN 50341 series. (3) This document does not apply to: a) polygonal and circular lighting columns covered by the EN 40 series; NOTE The EN 40 series specifies the requirements and dimensions for lighting columns and it applies to post top columns not exceeding 20 m height and to post top lanterns and columns with brackets not exceeding 18 m height for side entry lanterns. b) wind turbine towers (see the EN 61400 series) c) overhead line towers covered by the EN 50341 series. (4) This document does not cover special provisions for seismic design, which are given in the EN 1998 series. (5) Special measures that might be necessary to limit the consequences of accidents are not covered in this document. For resistance to fire, see EN 1993-1-2. (6) Provisions for the guys of guyed structures are given in EN 1993-1-11 and supplemented in this document. (7) For provisions concerning aspects such as chemical attack, thermo-dynamical performance or thermal insulation of chimneys see EN 13084 1. For the design of liners see EN 13084-6. NOTE 1 Foundations are covered in the EN 1997 series. See also EN 13084-1. NOTE 2 Wind loads and procedures for the wind response of structures are specified in EN 1991-1-4. Assumptions (1) Unless specifically stated, EN 1990, EN 1991 (relevant parts) and EN 1993-1 (relevant parts) apply. (2) The design methods given in this document are applicable if - the execution quality is as specified in Annex E and EN 1090-2 and for the execution of chimneys, also in EN 13084-6, and - the construction materials and products used are as specified in the relevant parts of the EN 1993 series or, for materials other than steel, in the relevant material and product specifications. NOTE Execution is covered in this document to the extent that is necessary to indicate the quality of the construction materials and products and the standard of workmanship on site needed to comply with the assumptions of the design rules.