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This document establishes general principles for the execution, testing and monitoring of Artificial Ground Freezing (AGF) works.

AGF is the process of changing the water in the ground from liquid to solid state in a controlled way by artificial means.

This document is applicable to:

— civil works (tunnels, shafts, retaining walls, plugs, underpinning …)

— environmental works (remediation, cut-off walls, …).

This document does not apply to:

— permafrost

— seasonal frost

— mining applications.

(1) This document defines imposed loads (models and representative values) associated with road traffic, pedestrian actions and rail traffic which include, when relevant, dynamic effects and centrifugal, braking and acceleration actions and actions for accidental design situations.

(2) The imposed loads defined in this document are applicable for the design of new bridges, including decks, piers, abutments and associated walls (e.g. upstand walls, wing walls and flank walls) and their foundations. These imposed loads can also be used for the design of other structures subject to traffic loads (e.g. road tunnel floor slabs, noise barriers and their foundations). Where appropriate, the loads can also be considered as a basis for assessment or modification of existing structures in combination with complementary conditions if necessary.

(3) The load models and values given in this document are also applicable for the design of retaining walls adjacent to roads and railway lines and the design of earthworks subject to road or rail traffic actions. This document also provides applicability conditions for specific load models.

(4) This document is intended to be used with EN 1990, the other parts of the EN 1991 series and the EN 1992 series to EN 1999 series for the design of structures. 

1.1 Scope of EN 1997‑1

(1) This document provides general rules for the design and vérification of geotechnical structures.

(2) This document is applicable for the design and vérification of geotechnical structures outside the scope of EN 1997‑3.

NOTE In this case, additional or amended provisions can be necessary.

1.2 Assumptions

1) In addition to the assumptions given in EN 1990, the provisions of EN 1997 (all parts) assume that:

— ground investigations are planned by individuals or organisations with knowledge of potential ground and groundwater conditions;

— ground investigations are executed by individuals with appropriate skills and experience;

— the evaluation of test results and derivation of ground properties from the ground investigation are carried out by individuals with appropriate geotechnical experience and qualifications;

— the data required for design are collected, recorded, and interpreted by appropriately qualifiéd and experienced individuals;

— geotechnical structures are designed and vérifiéd by individuals with appropriate qualifications and experience in geotechnical design;

— adequate continuity and communication exist between the individuals involved in data collection, design, vérification and execution.

(2) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990, which establishes principles and requirements for the safety, serviceability, robustness, and durability of structures, including geotechnical structures, and other construction works.

NOTE Additional or amended provisions can be necessary for assessment of existing structures, see EN 1990‑2.

(3) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1997‑2, which gives provisions for determining ground properties from ground investigations.

(4) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1997‑3, which gives spécific rules for the design and vérification of certain types of geotechnical structures.

(5) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with other Eurocodes for the design of geotechnical structures, including temporary geotechnical structures.

1.1 Scope of EN 1997-2

(1) This document provides rules for determining ground properties for the design and verification of geotechnical structures.

(2) This document covers requirements and guidance for planning ground investigations, collecting information about ground properties and groundwater conditions, and preparation of the Ground Model.

(3) This document covers requirements and guidance for the selection of field investigation and laboratory test methods to obtain derived values of ground properties.

(4) This document covers requirements and guidance on the presentation of the results of ground investigation, including derived values of ground properties, in the Ground Investigation Report.

1.2 Assumptions

(1) The provisions in EN 1997-2 are based on the assumptions given in EN 1990 and EN 1997-1.

(2) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1997-1, which provides general rules for design and verification of all geotechnical structures.

(3) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1997-3, which provides specific rules for design and verification of certain types of geotechnical structures.

(4) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1998-1-1 which provides the requirements for the ground properties needed to define the seismic action.

(5) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1998-5 which provides rules for the design of geotechnical structures in seismic regions. 

1.1 Scope of EN 1997-3

(1) This document provides specific rules to be applied in the design and verification of geotechnical structures.

1.2 Assumptions

(1) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990, which establishes principles and requirements for the safety, serviceability, robustness, and durability of structures, including geotechnical structures, and other construction works.

NOTE Additional or amended provisions can be necessary for assessment of existing structures, see prEN 1990-2.

(2) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1997-1, which provides general rules for the design and verification of geotechnical structures.

(3) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1997-2, which gives provisions for determining ground properties from ground investigations.

(4) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with the other Eurocodes for the design of geotechnical structures, including temporary geotechnical structures. 

This document specifies methods using sieving for the determination of the quantity of coarse particles of binder present in bituminous emulsions and for the determination of storage stability. WARNING - The use of this document can involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. In addition, for environmental aspects, it is important to limit the quantities of products, solvents and energy sources to reduce the emissions in air and water and the wastes to the minimum required for a valid test realization.

This document specifies three test methods for determining the effect of saturation and accelerated water conditioning: - method A uses the indirect tensile strength of cylindrical specimens of bituminous mixtures; - method B uses the compression strength of cylindrical specimens of bituminous mixtures; - method C defines the bonding value for a bituminous mixture 1 h after mixing, where the bonding of bitumen and aggregate can be equated to a bonding value. Method C is suitable for soft asphalt with bitumen of kinematic viscosity at 60 °C of 4 000 mm2/s or less. These methods can be used to evaluate the effect of water on asphalt mixtures with or without anti-stripping additives including liquids, such as amines; and fillers, such as hydrated lime or cement.