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This document specifies a general method for determining the average molecular weight and the molecular weight distribution of polymers using SEC-LS, i.e. size-exclusion chromatography coupled with light-scattering detection. The average molecular mass and the molecular mass distribution are calculated from molecular weight data and weight concentrations determined continuously with elution time. The molecular weight at each elution time is determined absolutely by combining a light-scattering detector with a concentration-sensitive detector. Therefore, SEC-LS is classified as an absolute method.

For the applicability of the method, see ISO 16014-1:—, Clause A.1.

This part of ISO 6721 describes an ultrasonic wave propagation method for determining the storage components of the longitudinal complex modulus L* and the shear complex modulus G* of polymers at discrete frequencies typically in the range 0,5 MHz to 5 MHz. The method is suitable for measuring materials with storage moduli in the range 0,01 GPa to 200 GPa and with loss factors below 0,1 at around 1 MHz. With materials that have a higher loss, significant errors in velocity measurement are introduced through waveform distortion and can only be reduced using procedures that are outside the scope of this standard.

The method allows measurements to be made on small specimens, typically 50 mm × 20 mm × 5 mm, or small regions of larger specimens or sheets. It is therefore possible to obtain information on the homogeneity or anisotropy (see 10.5) of modulus in a specimen.

This part of ISO 6721 describes a pulse propagation method for determining the storage component of the complex tensile modulus E' of polymers at discrete frequencies typically in the range 3 kHz to 10 kHz. The method is suitable for measuring materials with storage moduli in the range 0,01 GPa to 200 GPa and with loss factors below 0,1 at around 10 kHz. With materials having a higher loss, significant errors in velocity measurement are introduced through decay of amplitude.

The method allows measurements to be made on thin films or fine fibres and long specimens, typically tapes of 300 mm × 5 mm × 0,1 mm or fibres of 300 mm × 0,1 mm (diameter).

This method may not be suitable for cellular plastics, composite plastics and multilayer products.

This document specifies general methods, with suitable test conditions, for the determination of the ash of a range of plastics (resins and compounds). The particular conditions chosen may be included in the specifications for the plastic material in question.

Particular conditions applicable to poly(alkylene terephthalate) materials, unplasticized cellulose acetate, polyamides and poly(vinyl chloride) plastics, including some specific filled, glass-fibre-reinforced and flame-retarded materials, are specified in ISO 3451-2, ISO 3451-3, ISO 3451-4 and ISO 3451-5.

This document specifies a method for determining the average molecular weight and the molecular weight distribution of polymers by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) using an organic eluent at a temperature lower than 60 °C (see Annex A). The average molecular weight and the molecular weight distribution are calculated from a calibration curve prepared using polymer standards. Therefore, this test method is classified as a relative method (see ISO 16014-1:—1), Annex A).

This part of ISO 6721 specifies methods for determining a value of the glass transition temperature (Tg) from the dynamic mechanical properties measured during a linear temperature scan under heating conditions. The glass transition temperature is an indicator of the transition from a glassy state to a liquid state.

Usually referred to as dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), the methods and their associated procedures can be applied to unreinforced and filled polymers, foams, rubbers, adhesives and fibre-reinforced plastics/composites. Different modes (e. g. flexure, compression, tension) of dynamic mechanical analysis can be applied, as appropriate, to the form of the source material.

NOTE Due to frequency dependence of the glass transition and thermal lag of the test setup measured Tg values can vary with heating rate. For tests undertaken in the flexure or torsion mode, an additional procedure is included to identify the severity of the influences of thermal lag on the measured data (see Annex B).

This document specifies a method of evaluating the ultimate anaerobic biodegradability of plastic materials in a controlled anaerobic slurry digestion system with a solids concentration not exceeding 15 %, which is often found for the treatment of sewage sludge, livestock faeces or garbage. The test method is designed to yield a percentage and rate of conversion of the organic carbon in the test materials to carbon dioxide and methane produced as biogas.

The method applies to the following materials, provided they have a known carbon content:

— natural and/or synthetic polymers, copolymers or mixtures;

— plastic materials that contain additives such as plasticizers, colorants, or other compounds;

— water-soluble polymers.

It does not apply to materials which exhibit inhibitory effects on the test microorganisms at the concentration chosen for the test.

NOTE Inhibitory effects can be determined by an inhibition test (e.g. ISO 13641-1 or ISO 13641-2).

This document specifies a method for determining the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials in soil by measuring the oxygen demand in a closed respirometer or the amount of carbon dioxide evolved. The method is designed to yield an optimum degree of biodegradation by adjusting the humidity of the test soil.

If a non-adapted soil is used as an inoculum, the test simulates the biodegradation processes which take place in a natural environment; if a pre-exposed soil is used, the method can be used to investigate the potential biodegradability of a test material.

This method applies to the following materials:

— natural and/or synthetic polymers, copolymers or mixtures of these;

— plastic materials which contain additives such as plasticizers or colorants;

— watersoluble polymers.

It does not necessarily apply to materials which, under the test conditions, inhibit the activity of the microorganisms present in the soil. Inhibitory effects can be measured using an inhibition control or by another suitable method. If the test material inhibits the microorganisms in the soil, a lower test material concentration, another type of soil or a pre-exposed soil can be used.

1.1 This document specifies methods for the determination of the water content of plastics in the form of powder, granules, and finished articles. These methods do not test for water absorption (kinetics and equilibrium) of plastics as measured by ISO 62.

Method A is suitable for the determination of water content as low as 0,1 % with an accuracy of 0,1 %.

Method B and Method C are suitable for the determination of water content as low as 0,01 % with an accuracy of 0,01 %. Method D is suitable for the determination of water content as low as 0,01% with an accuracy of 0,01%. Method E is suitable for the determination of water content as low as 0,001% with an accuracy of 0,001%. The stated accuracies are detection limits which depend also on the maximal possible sample weight. Percentage means percentage of water content.

Method D is suitable for polyamide (PA), polycarbonate (PC), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), epoxy resin, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyester, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyactide (PLA), polyamidimid (PAI), it is especially not recommended for samples which may release NH3. Method E is generally suitable for every type of plastic and moisture level.

Water content is an important parameter for processing materials and has to remain below the level specified in the appropriate material standard.

1.2 Six alternative methods are specified in this document.

— Method A is an extraction method using anhydrous methanol followed by a Karl Fischer titration of the extracted water. It can be used for all plastics and is applicable to granules smaller than 4 mm × 4 mm × 3 mm. The method can also be used for, e.g. prepolymer materials in the form of a powder that are insoluble in methanol.

— Method B1 is a vaporization method using a tube oven. The water contained in the test portion is vaporized and carried to the titration cell by a dry air or nitrogen carrier gas, followed by a Karl

Fischer titration of the collected water. It can be used for all plastics and is applicable to granules smaller than 4 mm × 4 mm × 3 mm.

— Method B2 is a vaporization method using a heated sample vial. The water contained in the test portion is vaporized and carried to the titration cell by a dry air or nitrogen carrier gas, followed by a Karl Fischer titration of the collected water. It can be used for all plastics and is applicable to granules smaller than 4 mm × 4 mm × 3 mm.

— Method C is a manometric method. The water content is determined from the increase in pressure, which results when the water is evaporated under a vacuum. This method is not applicable to plastic samples containing volatile compounds, other than water, in amounts contributing significantly to the vapour pressure at room temperature. Checks for the presence of large amounts of volatile compounds are to be carried out periodically, for example by gas chromatography. Such checks are particularly required for new types or grades of material.

— Method D is a thermocoulometric method using a diphosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) cell for the detection of the vaporized water. The water contained in the test portion is vaporized and carried to the sensor cell by a dry air or nitrogen carrier gas, followed by a coulometric determination of the collected water. This method is not applicable to plastic samples containing volatile compounds, other than water, in amounts contributing significantly to the vapour pressure at room temperature. This is specially related to volatile components which may react with the acidic coating of the diphosphorus pentoxide sensor, e.g. ammonia or any kind of amines. Checks for the presence of large amounts of volatile compounds are to be carried out periodically. Such checks are particularly required for new types or grades of material.

— Method E is a calcium hydride based method. The water content of a sample evaporates due to a combination of vacuum and heating. The evaporated water reacts with calcium hydride to molecular hydrogen and calcium hydroxide. The hydrogen causes an increase of pressure in the vacuum that is proportional to the evaporated water. Volatile adhesives, that do not react with calcium hydride condensate in a cooling trap and will not affect the measurement.

This document specifies a method of determining the spectral response of ultraviolet and visible radiation for all kinds of plastic material, by spectrally dispersed irradiation.

NOTE Typical specimens that are evaluated include; films, liquids, plaques, pellets, powders, sheets and discs.

This document specifies the general principles and the system boundaries for the carbon and environmental footprint of biobased plastic products. It is an introduction and guidance document to the other standards in this series.

This document is applicable to plastic products and plastic materials, polymer resins, which are based from biobased or fossil-based constituents.

This document defines the material carbon footprint as the amount (mass) of CO2 removed from the air and incorporated into the plastic, and a determination method to quantify it.

This document is applicable to plastic products and plastic materials, polymer resins, which are partly or wholly based on bio-based constituents.

This document specifies principles and requirements for the quantification and reporting of the Process Carbon Footprint of biobased plastics (see ISO/CD 22526-1), being a partial carbon footprint of a bioplastic product, based on ISO 14067 and consistent with the ISO standards on life cycle assessment (ISO 14040 and ISO 14044).

This document is applicable to Process Carbon Footprint studies (P-CFP) of plastic materials, being a partial carbon footprint of a product, whether or not the results are intended to be publicly available.

The Process Carbon Footprint study is carried out according to ISO 14067 as a partial carbon footprint, using the specific conditions and requirements specified in this standard.

Requirements and guidelines for the quantification of a partial carbon footprint of a product (partial CFP) are provided.

Where the results of a P-CF study are reported according to this International Standard, procedures are provided to support transparency and credibility, and also to allow for informed choices.

Offsetting is outside of the scope of this International Standard.

This part of ISO 11833 specifies the requirements for flat extruded sheets and pressed sheets of unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) and the test methods to be used to measure the required values.

It applies only to sheets of thickness not less than 1,0 mm.

It does not cover biaxially stretched PVC-U sheets.