Plast

This document establishes a method for determination of the thermal conductivity of solid unfilled and filled or fibre reinforced plastics and composites by means of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).

It is applicable for materials with thermal conductivities of up to 1 W/(m⋅K).

This proposal specifies a laboratory test method for determining the degree and rate of the aerobic biodegradation level of plastic materials. Biodegradation of plastic materials is determined by measuring the oxygen demand in a closed respirometer when exposed to seawater sampled from coastal areas under laboratory conditions.

The test is performed with either seawater only ("pelagic seawater test") or with seawater to which little sediment was added ("suspended sediment seawater test").

The pelagic seawater test simulates the conditions found in offshore areas with low water currents and low tidal movements, whereas the suspended sediment seawater test simulates conditions which might be found in coastal areas with stronger water currents and tidal movements.

The conditions described in this proposal may not always correspond to the optimum conditions for the maximum degree of biodegradation, but this test method is designed to give an indication of the potential biodegradability of plastic materials.

NOTE This document is addressing plastic materials but can also be used for other materials.

This document specifies a laboratory test method for determining the degree and rate of the aerobic biodegradation level of plastic materials. Biodegradation is determined by measuring the CO2 evolved from plastic materials when exposed to seawater sampled from coastal areas under laboratory conditions.

The test is performed with either seawater only ("pelagic seawater test") or with seawater to which little sediment was added ("suspended sediment seawater test").

The pelagic seawater test simulates the conditions found in offshore areas with low water currents and low tidal movements, whereas the suspended sediment seawater test simulates conditions which might be found in coastal areas with stronger water currents and tidal movements.

The conditions described in this proposal may not always correspond to the optimum conditions for the maximum degree of biodegradation, but this test method is designed to give an indication of the potential biodegradability of plastic materials.

NOTE This document is addressing plastic materials but can also be used for other materials.

This document specifies the characteristics of non-adiabatic fast differential scanning calorimeters also covered by the general abbreviation FSC having an open specimen geometry in which specimens are placed directly onto active measurement areas of chip sensors based on Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) membrane technology without encapsulation in closed crucibles and ovens.

Due to the open specimen geometry only very small specimens can be used in order to avoid temperature gradients during measurements.

The use of very low specimen masses, preferably not greater than 1 μg, enables achievement of very high scanning rates in the order of several thousand K/s, both in heating and cooling mode whereby higher scanning rates require lower specimen masses. Typically, lower scanning rates overlap with conventional DSC covered by ISO 11357-1 thus enabling connection to conventional DSC results.

NOTE 1 Due to the sensor layout FSC is also called chip calorimetry.

NOTE 2 FSC stands for Fast Scanning Calorimetry but also for Fast Scanning Calorimeter. In practise from the context the choice can be made quite easily.

FSC is suitable for thermal analysis of fast kinetic effects of polymers, polymer blends and composites, such as:

— thermoplastics (polymers, moulding compounds and other moulding materials, with or without fillers, fibres or reinforcements);

— thermosets (uncured or cured materials, with or without fillers, fibres or reinforcements);

— elastomers (with or without fillers, fibres or reinforcements).

This document specifies methods for qualitative and quantitative analysis of fast physical and chemical processes showing changes in heat flow rate. This includes measurement of characteristic temperatures as well as caloric values of both, solid and liquid materials.

This document is particularly applicable for the observation of fast kinetics of thermal effects such as:

— physical transitions (glass transition, phase transitions such as melting and crystallization, polymorphic transitions, etc.);

— metastability and related processes like reorganization, (re)crystallization, annealing, ageing, amorphization;

— chemical reactions (hydration, oxidation, polymerisation, crosslinking and curing of elastomers and thermosets, decomposition, etc.);

— isothermal measurements of fast crystallising systems or chemical reactions.

It is also applicable for the determination of heat capacity and related changes of thermodynamic functions.

FSC provides a technique to analyse material behaviour at similarly high heating or cooling rates used in industrial polymer processing.

FSC can also enable separation of overlapping thermal effects with different kinetics such as:

— melting and decomposition: higher heating rates may shift decomposition to higher temperatures and allow unperturbed measurement of melting;

— glass transition and cold crystallisation of polymers: higher heating rates may suppress cold crystallisation resulting in unperturbed measurement of glass transition as a function of cooling / heating rates;

— reorganisation of amorphous or semi-crystalline polymers upon cooling and heating: depending on the cooling rate used specimens with different crystallinities may be generated and their reorganisation upon heating analysed using different scanning rates.

This document establishes general aspects of FSC, such as the principle and the apparatus, sampling, calibration and general aspects of the procedure and test report.

This document specifies the minimum essential variables in order to produce a component of the required consistency and quality for the following thermal joining processes:

• ultrasonic welding/staking/spot welding;

• infrared welding;

• hot gas convection welding;

• linear vibration welding;

• orbital vibration welding;

• spin welding;

• laser welding;

• hot plate welding;

• heat staking: hot air;

• heat staking: electrical; and

• heat staking: infrared (IR).

This document defines the thermal joining process specification (TJPS) for each of the thermal joining processes listed above, to ensure that all the essential variables are properly considered, including the qualified range of each variable, in order to establish and maintain component quality at an acceptable level.