Energi- och värmeöverföring

This document provides general technical guidelines for evaluating energy savings of thermal power plants before and/or after implementing an energy performance improvement action(s) (EPIAs), and includes evaluation, unit component efficiency, indexes calculation, analyses and reporting.

This document is applicable to existing thermal power generating units (TPGUs), where fossil fuels (such as coal, oil and natural gas), are combusted to generate electricity only or supply thermal energy, with additional production of electricity (i.e. combined cycle power plants).

NOTE: A typical thermal power plant encompasses at least one TPGU; for having more than one TPGUs, the TPGUs can be run independently.

Results obtained in accordance with this document could be used either as evaluation of the potential of energy savings, or as defined by a contract for the basis of determination of fulfilment of contract guarantees, but do not provide a basis for comparison of the energy savings between TPGUs.

This document does not prescribe performance tests or measurements for TPGU’s equipment components/systems, the sampling and analysis of the fuels used, substances added for control of emissions (e.g. halide and limestone) and by-products (e.g. ash and gypsum), and instruments to be employed, but specifies parameters of its interest in the determination of energy savings. Applicable procedures may be found in pertinent standards published or will be published.

This standard gives suggested guidance (emphasizing statistical techniques) for the estimation of sampling error when sampling batches of bulk uranium or plutonium oxide powders. The intent of the guidelines is to verify that the samples obtained using the established mixing and sampling methods are representative of the oxide powder from which they were drawn. The principles can also be extended to the sampling of other bulk materials. This standard does not address the various types of mixing and sampling mechanisms or the numerous methods for destructively analyzing the drawn samples or the means of preserving the physical integrity of the sample.

As described in this standard, the material to be sampled is free-flowing oxide powder. Oxide powder is referred to as bulk material because it is not identified in terms of discrete units but is accounted for in terms of the weight (or volume) of an aggregate mass of solids, together with the drawing and destructive analysis of samples of those solids. Bulk material is generally processed in batches, where a batch represents a specific quantity of material that is accounted as a unit, the quantity and composition of which are defined by a set of measurements. The assumption is made that the quantity of bulk oxide within a defined batch is previously determined, perhaps by weighing a mass of powder in a container(s) and then subtracting the recorded tare weight(s). In this standard, material composition is not determined holistically (as with nondestructive analysis) but is assessed by extracting small portions (samples) from a defined batch, measuring the analyte(s) of interest within the drawn samples, and using the analytical measurements for inferring a representative value for the analyte(s) within the entire batch. The determination of bulk mass and the reported analyses of the drawn samples constitute the set of measurements for the batch.

The extent to which a set of measurements characterizes a batch of bulk oxide depends upon 1) the degree to which the material in the samples has remained unaltered by external factors, such as, oxidation, moisture absorption, or contamination with impurities; 2) the accuracy of the measurement methods used for analyzing the samples; and 3) the extent to which the sampling method selects samples that are representative of the entire batch of bulk material. This standard addresses the third topic. It gives guidelines for (1) testing for adequate mixing, (2) quantifying the sampling error variance, (3) expressing the uncertainty in an average sample measurement, and (4) assessing mixing effectiveness through the mixing and sampling of composited reference samples.

This document gives guidelines for pre-service-inspections (PSI) and in-service inspections (ISI) with mechanized ultrasonic test (UT) devices on components of the reactor coolant circuit of light water reactors. This document is also applicable on other components of nuclear installations.

Mechanized ultrasonic inspections are carried out in order to enable an evaluation in case of

— malfunction indications (e.g. on austenitic weld seams),

— indications due to geometry (e.g. in case of root concavity),

— complex geometries (e.g. fitting weld seams), or

— if a reduction in the radiation exposure of the test personnel can be attained in this way.

Ultrasonic test methods are defined for the validation of discontinuities (internal or surface open), requirements for the ultrasonic test equipment, for the preparation of test and device systems, for the implementation of the test and for the recording.

This document is applicable for the detection of indications by UT using normal-beam probes and angle-beam probes both in contact technique. Immersing technique and techniques for sizing are not in the scope of this document and should be independent qualified.

NOTE Data concerning the test section, test extent, inspection period, inspection interval and evaluation of indications is defined in the applicable national nuclear safety standards.

This standard specifies fundamental techniques for pre-service inspections (PSI) and in-service inspections (ISI) of the surfaces using the magnetic particle testing and penetrant testing on components of the reactor coolant circuit of light water reactors. This standard is also applicable to other components of nuclear installations.

Test systems for the localisation of surface inhomogeneities and requirements for test personnel, test devices, test media, accessories as well as optical auxiliaries, the preparation and implementation of the test as well as the recording are defined.

NOTE Data concerning the test section, test extent, inspection period, inspection interval and evaluation of indications are defined in the applicable national nuclear safety standards.

This document specifies fundamental techniques for in-service system pressure tests of the reactor coolant circuit of light water reactors.

This document specifies the test technique, the requirements for measuring equipment and additional devices, the preparation and performance of the test as well as the recording and documentation, for the purpose to ensure the reliability and comparability of tests.

NOTE Data on (test) pressure, (test) temperature, scope of testing, rates of change of pressure and temperature, test schedule and inspection intervals can be obtained from the applicable national nuclear codes.

This document specifies fundamental techniques to pre-service inspection (PSI) and in-service inspections (ISI) for reactor coolant circuit components of light water reactors and their installations as direct or remote visual testing in the form of a

— general visual testing, or

— selective visual testing.

This document is also applicable to other components of nuclear installations.

This document is not applicable to tests in respect to the general state that are carried out in conjunction with pressure and leak tests and regular plant inspections.

This document specifies test methods that allow deviations from the expected state to be recognised, requirements for the equipment technology and test personnel, the preparation and performance of the testing as well as the recording.

NOTE Data concerning the test section, test extent, inspection period, inspection interval and evaluation of indications is defined in the applicable national nuclear safety standards.

This document specifies fundamental techniques for pre-service inspection (PSI) and in-service inspections (ISI) by eddy current tests on non-ferromagnetic steam generator heating tubes of light water reactors, whereby the test is carried out using mechanised test equipment outwards from the tube inner side.

An in-service eddy current test of steam generator heating tube plugs as a component of the primary circuit is not an object of this standard. Owing to the different embodiments of steam generator heating tube plugs, the use of specially adapted test systems to be qualified is necessary.

Test systems for the localisation of inhomogeneities (surface) and requirements for test personnel, test devices, the preparation of test and device systems, the implementation of the testing as well as the recording are defined.

NOTE Data concerning the test section, test extent, inspection period, inspection interval and evaluation of indications is defined in the nuclear safety standards.

This document specifies fundamental techniques for pre‐service inspection (PSI) and in‐service inspections (ISI) by radiographic testing conducted on components in the reactor coolant circuit of light water reactors. This document is also applicable to other components of nuclear installations. This document specifies the RT‐inspection for wall thicknesses below or equal 25 mm. The RT‐inspection of components with higher wall thicknesses is specified in ISO 17636.

Test systems for the validation of inhomogeneities (surface and volume) and requirements for test personnel, test devices, the preparation of test and device systems, the implementation of the testing as well as the recording are defined.

An in‐service radiographic test in respect to corrosion and wall thickness abrasion of base material areas is the object of EN 16407‐1 and EN 16407-2.

NOTE Data concerning the test section, test extent, inspection period, inspection interval and evaluation of indications is defined in the applicable national nuclear safety standards.

1.1 General

This European Standard applies to heating boilers including safety devices up to a nominal heat output of 500 kW which are designed for the burning of solid fuels only and are operated according to the instructions supplied with the boiler and misuse reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer.

This European Standard applies also for solid fuel boilers up to 70 kW nominal heat output taking the combustion air from outside the building.

This European Standard deals with significant hazards, hazardous situations and events relevant to heating boilers used as intended and under the conditions specified in the technical documentation of the boiler (see Clause 4).

The boilers may operate under natural draught or forced draught. The fuel feed may work manually or automatically. The boilers may operate in non-condensing operation or condensing operation.

NOTE This European Standard deals with boilers which are within the scope of the Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC or outside of the scope of the Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC (manual stoked natural draught boiler).

This European Standard contains requirements and test methods for safety, combustion performance, operating characteristics, marking and maintenance of heating boilers. It also covers all external equipment that influences the safety systems (e.g. back burning safety device, integral fuel hopper).

This European Standard covers only boilers that include burners as a unit. The standard applies to the combination of a boiler body with a solid fuel burner according to EN 15270 as a unit only when the whole unit is tested in accordance with this European Standard.

Heating boilers in accordance with this European Standard are designed for central heating installations where the heat carrier is water and the maximum allowable temperature is 110 °C, and which can operate at a maximum allowable operating pressure of 6 bars. For heating boilers with a built-in or attached water heater (storage or continuous flow heater), this European Standard only applies to those parts of the water heater which are necessarily subject to the operating conditions of the heating boiler (heating part).

This European Standard does not apply to:

— heating boilers and other heating appliances which are also designed for the direct heating of the place of installation, also according to the European regulation 2015/1185/EU;

— cooking appliances;

— the design and construction of external fuel storage and transportation devices prior to the safety devices of the boiler;

— manual stoked straw bale boilers;

— CHP appliances.

This European Standard specifies the necessary terminology for solid fuel heating boilers, the control and safety related requirements, the design requirements, the technical heating requirements (considering the environmental requirements) and testing, as well as the marking requirements.

This European Standard is not applicable to heating boilers which are tested before the date of its publication as an EN (European Standard).

This document specifies general principles and identifies key factors to be considered in the selection of energy savings evaluators who determine energy savings in projects, organizations and regions. It also defines roles and responsibilities, specifies the required competence and provides key elements for assessing knowledge and skills of energy savings evaluators.

Selection of energy savings evaluators may need to be subject to legal and other requirements.

NOTE Legal requirements refer to applicable mandatory requirements related to an organization’s energy savings. Other requirements could refer to voluntary agreements, contractual arrangements or corporate requirements subscribed to by the organization related to energy savings.