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This document specifies test methods for slate, carbonate slate, schist and schistose stone for discontinuous roofing and external cladding, as defined in 3.1, 3.2, and 3.3 of EN 12326-1:2014 and 3.1 of prEN 12326-3:2021, used for assembly into discontinuous roofs and external wall cladding. In this sense, when the test describes a slate, it could also be considered as carbonate slate.

This document is applicable to gas-fired appliances producing domestic hot water. It applies to both instantaneous and storage appliances; water-heaters and combination boilers that have: - heat input not exceeding 70 kW; and - hot water storage capacity (if any) not exceeding 500 l. In the case of combination boilers, with or without storage tank, domestic hot water production is integrated or coupled, the whole being marketed as a single unit. This document sets out in qualitative and quantitative terms the performance in delivery of domestic hot water for a selected variety of uses. It also gives a system for presenting the information to the user.

This document applies to cylinders and their keys for locks that are normally used in buildings and are designed to be used with cylinders, where the locks have an operational torque of maximum 1,5 Nm. This document specifies performance and other requirements for the strength, security, durability, performance and corrosion resistance of cylinders and their original keys. It also specifies cylinders suitable for use in locking systems, Master key systems (MKS). It establishes one category of use, three grades of durability, two grades for mechanical coding (single cylinders and MKS), three grades for fire and four grades corrosion resistance, all based on performance tests, as well as thirteen grades of key related security based on design requirements and five grades on performance tests that simulate attack. This document includes tests of satisfactory operation at a range of temperatures. It specifies test methods to be used on cylinders and their protective measures linked with these cylinders and recommended by the manufacturer. Corrosion resistance is specified by reference to the requirements of EN 1670 on corrosion resistance of building hardware. The suitability of cylinders for use on fire or smoke-door assemblies is determined by fire performance tests conducted in addition to the performance testing required by this document. Since suitability for use on fire doors is not essential in every situation, the manufacturer has the option to state if the cylinder conforms to these additional requirements or not. If so claimed, cylinders will comply with the requirements in Annex A. Assessment of fire resistance and smoke control (grade A and grade B) is beyond the scope of this document. On occasions there can be a need for additional functions within the design of the cylinder. Purchasers should satisfy themselves that the products are suitable for their intended use.

This document specifies the classifications, requirements and test methods for unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) profiles with thermo-laminated foils designed for external uses which are intended to be used for the fabrication of windows and doors. NOTE 1 For editorial reasons, in this document, the term "window" is used for window/door. NOTE 2 For the purpose of production control, test methods other than those specified in this document can be used.

EN 1991-1-4 gives principles and rules for the determination of natural wind actions for the structural design of building and civil engineering works for each of the loaded areas under consideration. This includes the whole structure or parts of the structure or elements attached to the structure, e.g. components, cladding units and their fixings, safety and noise barriers. This part is applicable to: - buildings and civil engineering works with heights up to 300m; - bridges having no span greater than 200m. This part is intended to predict characteristic wind actions on land-based structures, their components and appendages. This part is also applicable to structures less than 1km offshore from the main coastline. For offshore structures more than 1km from the main coastline, the terrain effects defined in this part do not apply.

1.1 Scope of prEN 1991-1-6 (1) prEN 1991-1-6 provides guidance and general rules on the determination of actions relevant for the design of buildings and civil engineering works, including geotechnical structures, for their execution stage.

NOTE Actions for design during execution include those that only arise from execution activities and act during execution, termed construction actions (for example personnel and hand tools, auxiliary structures, equipment and elements used during execution), and others that are present during the service life of the completed structure (for example self-weight, wind, etc.) but which can act differently and/or have different values during execution.

(2) prEN 1991-1-6 provides guidance and general rules for the determination of actions for the design of auxiliary structures, elements and equipment used during execution in case they are designed to the Eurocodes and not to other European Standards.

NOTE Other European Standards (e.g. EN 12810, EN 12811, EN 12812) provide specific rules for certain types of auxiliary structures, equipment and elements used during execution.

(3) prEN 1991-1-6 gives rules for buildings and bridges during execution to supplement the provisions in EN 1990.

NOTE For combination rules for execution, see EN 1990.

1.2 Assumptions

(1) The general assumptions given in EN 1990 apply.

(2) The application of this document follows the limit state principle and is based on the partial factor method, unless explicitly prescribed differently.

(3) The verification of buildings and civil engineering structures in transient design situations is undertaken in accordance with the Eurocodes, accounting for the interaction with any auxiliary structures, elements and/or equipment.

(4) When using European product standards covering auxiliary structures, equipment and elements used during execution, it is assumed that the design basis, design requirements and, if provided, the safety and operational design limits specified in these product standards are taken into account.

(5) Adequate planning, documentation, communication, control and supervision are provided during execution, involving all relevant parties.

NOTE Execution of a structure can involve interaction between several parties from diverse engineering fields, responsible for the design, fabrication, transportation and execution of different subsystems used during the execution of a structure.

(1) EN 1991-1-8 gives principles and rules to determine the values of wave and current actions on structures and civil engineering works in the coastal zone, i.e. works connected or in close vicinity to the shore.

NOTE 1 As opposed to offshore conditions, waves or currents in the coastal zone are substantially affected by the presence of seabed or shore.

NOTE 2 In typical seabed morphology the affected area lies between the shoreline and the deep-water limit.

(2) EN 1991-1-8 describes the principles for defining the design sea conditions, including design water level variability for structures in the coastal area.

NOTE Wave and current conditions vary for different construction sites. It is very important to assess the wave and current conditions at a given site. Assessment procedures for these conditions and for their uncertainties are included in this document.

(3) In EN 1991-1-8 the following structure types are specifically addressed:

— cylindrical structures;

— suspended decks;

— sub sea pipelines;

— breakwaters:

— mound breakwaters;

— vertical face breakwaters;

— composite breakwaters;

— coastal embankments:

— revetments;

— seawalls;

— permanently moored floating structures.

NOTE Additional guidance can be needed for:

— floating platforms in the coastal zone related to oil and gas production or processing;

— floating platforms in the coastal zone for renewable energy production.

(4) EN 1991-1-8 does not fully cover principles for determining actions from waves and currents on:

 port structures like piers, jetties, quay walls, marine terminals in sheltered marine areas;

 installations for mooring and berthing of ships.

(5) For hydraulic pressures on structural envelopes caused by quasi-static water levels, and for under pressures in the ground, see EN 1997 (all parts).

(6) EN 1991-1-8 does not cover:

 tsunamis;

 hydraulic consequences of an accidental breakdown of water actions from retaining structures;

 waves from passing ships;

 currents induced by jets or ship’s propellers;

 coastal structures where flood risk and/or erosion or sediment management is the dominant function. 

(1) EN 1991-3 defines actions imposed by cranes and other machines including dynamic effects, if relevant, for the structural design of crane or machine supporting structures.

(2) EN 1991-3 provides guidance on crane classification in terms of dynamic factors and fatigue actions.

(3) EN 1991-3 applies to supporting structures of − bridge, gantry and wall cranes travelling on fixed runways; − fixed machines that cause a harmonic dynamic loading on fixed supporting structures.

(4) The principles provided in EN 1991-3 can be applied also to determine actions on supporting structures of cranes other than those referred to in (3).

(5) EN 1991-3 does not provide partial factors for actions.

NOTE For partial factors for actions, see Annex A.5 to EN 1990:2023+prA1:2024.

(6) EN 1991-3 does not provide actions or provisions for the design of cranes and machines.

(1) EN 1991-4 provides guidance for calculating actions for the structural design of silos and tanks.

NOTE 1 Silos are used for the storage of particulate solids: tanks are used for the storage of liquids.

NOTE 2 For limitations on rules for silos given in this document, see 1.3.

NOTE 3 For limitations on rules for tanks given in this document, see 1.4.

(2) EN 1991 4 includes some provisions for actions on silo and tank structures that are not only associated with the stored solids or liquids (e.g. the effects of thermal differentials) but substantially affected by them.

NOTE Liquid loads on tanks are very precisely defined. Many loads on silos are not known with great precision. This standard provides guidance for many practical situations for which very limited certain knowledge is available, and the information is derived from the limited experimental and analytical information available, coupled with conclusions drawn from failure investigations. The information is not based on a sound statistical treatment of experimental data.

(3) EN 1991 4 is intended for use with concrete, steel, aluminium, timber and FRP storage structures.

NOTE FRP is the standard acronym for fibre reinforced polymer materials.

(4) EN 1991 4 may be used for the structural assessment of existing construction, in developing the design of repairs and alterations or for assessing changes of use.

NOTE Where the structural appraisal of an existing structure is being considered, reference can be made to the National Annex and to the client concerning the relevance of the current standard.

Modifications to 1.1, Scope of prEN 1990-1

In the title of the Clause, replace EN 1990 with prEN 1990-1.

Add a new paragraph (2), then have the following subclauses automatically renumbered:

“(2) This document is also applicable for existing structures, with the additional provisions given in prEN 1990-2.”

Replace the new paragraph (3) and (4) with:

“(3) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with the other Eurocodes for buildings and civil engineering works, including temporary structures.

(4) This document describes the basis for structural and geotechnical verification according to the limit state principle.”

Delete the old paragraph (5):

“(5) This document is also applicable for:

— structural assessment of existing structures;

— developing the design of repairs, improvements and alterations;

— assessing changes of use.

NOTE Additional or amended provisions can be necessary.”

Replace the paragraph (6) with:

“(6) This document is also applicable for structures where materials or actions outside the scope of EN 1991 (all parts) to EN 1999 (all parts) are involved.

NOTE In this case, additional or amended provisions can be necessary.” 

(1) This document provides provisions for the assessment of existing structures, including geotechnical structures, and the general principles for interventions, to be used in conjunction with prEN 1990-1. NOTE This document is based on the general requirements and principles of structural reliability provided in prEN 1990-1.

(2) Unless otherwise specified, prEN 1990-1 applies.

(3) This document covers general principles regarding actions for assessment, complementing EN 1991 (all parts).

NOTE Provisions for seismic actions due to earthquake are provided in EN 1998-3.

(4) This document does not cover the design of new structural parts that will be integrated into an existing structure.

NOTE For the design of new structural parts, see prEN 1990-1.

(5) This document does not provide:

— specific rules for initiation of assessment;

— specific rules on how to undertake interventions that may be carried out as a result of an assessment;

— material-specific technical provisions for existing structures;

— provisions for seismic assessment and retrofitting of existing structures.

NOTE For provisions for seismic assessment and retrofitting of existing structures, see EN 1998-3.

1.1 Scope of EN 1993-1-11 (1) EN 1993-1-11 provides rules for structural design of tension components made of steel, in addition to other parts of EN 1993, for use in structures made of steel or other materials such as concrete, steel-concrete composite and timber. (2) EN 1993-1-11 covers the resistance, serviceability and durability of steel tension elements. (3) The following items/aspects are outside the scope of EN 1993-1-11: - pre- or post-tensioned systems in accordance with EN 1992-1-1 and EN 1992-2; - reinforcing steel as part of a concrete structure in accordance with EN 1992-1-1; - tension components in piling; - detailed design of terminations. 1.2 Assumptions (1) Unless specifically stated, EN 1990, EN 1991 and the EN 1993-1 series apply. (2) The design methods given in EN 1993-1-11 are applicable if: - execution quality is according to EN 1090-2; and - the construction materials and products used are as specified in the relevant parts of the EN 1993 series, or in the relevant material and product specifications. (3) EN 1993-1-11 is used in conjunction with ENs, EADs and ETAs for tension components.

(1) EN 1993-2 provides a general basis for the structural design of steel bridges and steel parts of composite bridges. It gives provisions that supplement, modify or supersede the equivalent provisions given in the various parts of EN 1993-1. (2) The design criteria for composite bridges are covered in EN 1994-2. (3) The design of high strength cables and related parts are included in EN 1993-1-11. (4) This European Standard is concerned only with the resistance, serviceability and durability of bridge structures. Other aspects of design are not considered. (5) For the execution of steel bridge structures, EN 1090 should be taken into account. NOTE: As long as EN 1090 is not yet available a provisional guidance is given in Annex C. (6) Execution is covered to the extent that is necessary to indicate the quality of the construction materials and products that should be used and the standard of workmanship needed to comply with the assumptions of the design rules. (7) Special requirements of seismic design are not covered. Reference should be made to the requirements given in EN 1998, which complements and modifies the rules of EN 1993-2 specifically for this purpose.

1.1 Scope of EN 1993-4-2 (1) EN 1993-4-2 provides rules for structural design of vertical cylindrical, conical and pedestal above-ground steel tanks for the storage of liquid and liquified gas products. (2) EN 1993-4-2 is applicable to the design for resistance of cylindrical walls and flat bottoms constructed using unstiffened plates. The design of conical and dome roofs as shell structures (unsupported) or as supported on a structural framework (supported) are also covered. (3) EN 1993-4-2 is only applicable to the requirements for resistance and structural stability of steel tanks. (4) EN 1993-4-2 only covers steel tank structures in Tank Groups 1, 2 and 3, as defined in this document. NOTE Tank Group 4 is not defined in this standard (see 3.1.41). (5) This document is applicable to tanks within the following dimensional limits (see EN 1991-4): Tank aspect ratio hS/d < 10 Tank total height hS < 70 m Tank diameter d < 100 m (6) This standard includes suitable rules for the design of tanks intended to store solids suspended in a liquid, where the appropriate global density of the mixture is used. NOTE Tanks used for the separation of mineral particles of different density fall into this category. (7) EN 1993-4-2 does not apply to the following: a) tanks with gross capacity less than 5 m3 (5 000 l); b) dished-end tanks that have a diameter less than 5 m; c) tanks with characteristic internal pressures above the liquid surface greater than 50 kPa (500 mbar) (see pressure equipment directive); d) design metal temperatures outside the ranges defined in Clause 5, with −50 °C being the lowest temperature for the application of this document; e) tanks of rectangular and other non-circular planforms; f) tanks exposed to fire; g) floating roofs and floating covers; h) ancillary structures such as stairways, platforms, nozzles, piping and access doors. (8) This document does not cover a) the special requirements for seismic design of tanks, b) the design of a supporting structure, c) the design of ancillary structures such as stairways, platforms, pipe racks and ladders, d) the design of an aluminium roof structure on a steel tank, e) reinforced concrete foundations for steel tanks, f) the design of a conical hopper, g) the design of a transition junction between the base of a cylindrical shell wall and a conical hopper, h) the design of a supporting ring girder in an elevated tank. 1.2 Assumptions (1) Unless specifically stated, EN 1990, the EN 1991 series and the EN 1993-1 series apply. (2) The design methods given in this document apply if: - the execution quality is as specified in EN 1090-2, and - the construction materials and products used are as specified in the relevant parts of the EN 1993 series, or in the relevant material and product specifications. (3) This standard applies to axisymmetric structures, but includes the effects of unsymmetrical actions (e.g. wind), and unsymmetrically supported tanks (e.g. on discrete supports). (4) EN 1993-4-2 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990, with EN 1991-4, with the other Parts of EN 1991, with EN 1993-1-6 and EN 1993-4-1, with the other Parts of EN 1993, with EN 1992 and with the other Parts of EN 1994 to EN 1999 relevant to the design of tanks. Matters that are already covered in those documents are not repeated. (5) Numerical values for partial factors and other reliability parameters are recommended as basic values that provide an acceptable level of reliability. They have been selected assuming that an appropriate level of workmanship and quality management applies.

EN 1994-1-1 gives basic rules for the design of steel-concrete composite structures and supplementary provisions specific to buildings. NOTE Specific rules for bridges are given in EN 1994-2.

This document specifies design criteria for closed water-based cooling systems in buildings. The requirements aim at achieving a proper technical quality level and maintaining the desired thermal indoor climate with minimum energy consumption. Systems for dissipating process heat from industrial processes, for example, are not covered by this document. This document does not amend product standards or product installation requirements. The document covers cooling systems of the following type (see Figure 1): 1) devices for the water-based heat rejection of the chilling system; 2) devices for chilling and storage of chilled water; 3) devices for the distribution of chilled water; 4) devices for the absorption of heat (“cooling emission”); 5) control devices; 6) safety devices. Figure 1 - Schematic example of a water-based cooling system The design of such systems is described in this document. Additional safety aspects for water-based cooling systems with local operating temperatures ≤ 0 °C are not covered by this document. The other clauses of this document are still valid for systems with local operating temperatures ≤ 0 °C. This document does not cover the chilling system itself, but only the parts of the chilling system which are an integral part of the cooling system, including determination of the design performance. Furthermore, this document does not cover: - the requirements for installation or instructions for operation, maintenance and use; - the design of the system components (e.g. recooler, chilling system, coolers, pipes, safety devices etc.).

(1) EN 1994-1-2 gives rules for the design of steel-concrete composite structures for the accidental design situation of fire exposure. It only identifies differences from, or supplements to, rules for normal temperature design. (2) EN 1994-1-2 only applies to structures, or parts of structures, that are within the scope of EN1994-1-1 and are designed accordingly.

This document specifies a method for the determination of the softening point of bitumen and bituminous binders in the range of 28 °C to 150 °C. The method described also applies to bituminous binders that have been recovered from bituminous mixes, e.g. by extraction according to EN 12697 3 [1]. The change from mercury thermometers to electronic temperature devices has revealed that the temperature definition in the mercury thermometer has not been precise enough to make a correct, unbiased transfer to electronic devices. Care should be taken for softening points ring and ball above 100 °C as the condition may have changed from previous practice to present days testing equipment. Below approximately 100 °C the difference in temperature readings between electronic and mercury stem thermometer is acceptable compared to the repeatability of this test method.

EN 1994-2 gives design rules for steel-concrete composite bridges or members of bridges, supplementary to the general rules given in EN 1994-1-1.